The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum L.

Abstract

Warwick, S. I. and Francis, A. 2005. The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum. Can. J. Plant Sci. 85: . A review of biological information is provided for Raphanus raphanistrum L. Native to the Mediterranean region, the species is widely introduced and naturalized in temperate regions around the world. In Canada, it currently occurs in all provinces except Saskatchewan and Manitoba, has only a limited distribution in Alberta, and is also absent from the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is most abundant in the Atlantic and Pacific regions and is an important weed of field crops in the Maritime provinces and Quebec. A persistent seed bank, competitive annual growth habit and high fecundity all contribute to its weedy nature and ensure that it will be a continuing problem. It can easily hybridize with cultivated radish, R. sativus L., and commonly does so when they occur together. Limited hybridization with canola, Brassica napus L., has been reported from several experimental field and greenhouse trials. Selective herbicide control is most difficult in canola and other cruciferous crops. It is the most important dicot weed in the southwestern region of Australia, primarily due to the evolution of several different herbicide-resistant biotypes. These include biotypes resistant to the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitors (group 2 herbicides) and/or photosystem II-inhibitors (group 5), and a biotype with multiple resistance to ALS-inhibitors, photosystem II-inhibitors, an auxin (2,4-D amine), and a phytoene desaturase (PSDS)-inhibitor (diflufenican). A biotype resistant to the ALS-inhibiting herbicide chlorsulfuron has also been detected in South Africa. Un réservoir de semences bien stocké, une croissance agressive pour une annuelle et une grande fécondité expliquent la nature problématique de l'espèce, qui le demeurera longtemps. La plante se croise facilement avec le radis cultivé R. sativus et le fait couramment aux endroits où les deux espèces se côtoient. On a aussi rapporté une hybridation partielle avec le canola, Brassica napus L., lors de quelques essais sur des parcelles expérimentales ou en serre. La lutte au moyen de désherbants sélectifs s'avère particulièrement délicate dans les champs de canola et d'autres crucifères. Il s'agit de la principale dicotylédone nuisible dans le sud-ouest de l'Australie, principalement en raison de l'apparition de biotypes résistants. Ces biotypes résistent notamment aux inhibiteurs de l'acétolactate-synthase (herbicides du groupe 2) ou du photosystème II (groupe 5) ou aux deux. On a aussi identifié un biotype résistant aux deux types d'inhibiteurs précités ainsi qu'à l'auxine (2,4-D amine) et à l'inhibiteur de la phytoène désaturase. Enfin, on a repéré un biotype résistant au chlorsulfuron (inhibiteur de l'acétolactate-synthase) en Afrique du Sud.

Competition alters life history and increases the relative fecundity of crop–wild radish hybrids (Raphanusspp.)

“…With its long-lived seed bank, early emergence after tilling, and annual growth habit, R. raphanistrum is a difficult weed to manage, especially in cereal crops (Warwick & Francis, 2005). It grows a rosette with a thin, fibrous taproot.…”

“…Raphanus raphanistrum L. (wild radish or jointed charlock) is a widespread weed of Eurasian origin that occurs in agricultural fields, disturbed areas, and coastal beaches (Holm et al ., 1997;Warwick & Francis, 2005). With its long-lived seed bank, early emergence after tilling, and annual growth habit, R. raphanistrum is a difficult weed to manage, especially in cereal crops (Warwick & Francis, 2005).…”

Adaptive Differentiation of Quantitative Traits in the Globally Distributed Weed, Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)

“…Thought to be native to the Mediterranean basin (Hulten and Fries 1986;Holm et al 1997), wild radish has successfully colonized a variety of locations, leading to its naturalization on all continents except Antarctica (Holm et al 1997). Not only has wild radish colonized these new areas, but also it has become a major agricultural weed, causing yield losses in a variety of crops in North America (Webster and MacDonald 2001;Warwick and Francis 2005), Europe (Bostrom et al 2003), and Australia (Streibig et al 1989;Cousens et al 2001). Due to the self-incompatibility system of wild radish (Sampson 1964) and its lack of vegetative reproduction, this species relies completely on pollination by insects for reproduction.…”

Primer reporte de Raphanus raphanistrum L. en los páramos de Chimborazo, Ecuador

“…Esta planta ha colonizado exitosamente diversas localidades, con lo que se ha naturalizado en todos los continentes a excepción de la Antártica (Holm et al, 1997). De acuerdo con Warwick & Francis (2005) los largos períodos de floración y fructificación de esta especie, junto a las características de gran producción de semillas, la hace muy eficiente en la colonización de zonas ecológicamente disturbadas. Ferrell & MacDonald (2005), señalaron en un estudio sobre la biología y la ecología de R. raphanistrum, su carácter de planta silvestre, perteneciente a la familia Brassicaceae, con amplia distribución en Estados Unidos, Australia, Inglaterra, Kenya y Suráfrica.…”

“…Países donde germina en otoño e invierno con temperaturas del suelo por debajo de los 18 ºC cuando se rompe la dormancia de la semilla. Se considera una maleza de primer orden en los cultivos de trigo (Warwick & Francis, 2005). Estas plantas forman rosetas con hojas alternas simples, divididas en las hojas más basales.…”