The Biological Evaluation of Pyrethroids as Potential Mothproofing Agents. Part II ‐Esters of α‐Substituted Phenylacetic Acid

Pyrethroids, considered as a general class of compounds, have been shown to provide effective protection from the larvae of the keratin‐digesting insects Tineola bisselliella H., Tinea pellionella Linn., Hofmannophila pseudo‐spretella Station and Attagenus piceus Oliv. The position regarding the susceptibility of the furniture carpet beetle to pyrethroids is less clear, however. It has been reported that both deltamethrin and permethrin are effective against Anthrenus flavipes Le Conte, whilst permethrin is also reported elsewhere to be effective against the same species. Results obtained in our laboratory, however, have indicated that pyrethroids may offer inadequate protection against Anthrenus vorax Waterh. [1, 2]. This latter species is identical to Anthrenus flavipes var. seminiveus Casey, a colour variety of Anthrenus flavipes Le Conte. The 1,3‐disubstituted5‐phenylcarbamoyl‐2,4,6‐trioxo‐ and 4,6‐dioxo‐2‐thione‐hexahydropyrimidine derivatives described in this paper exhibit a surprisingly high and selective toxicity to the Anthrenus species. Thus, a combination of an appropriate hexahydropyrimidine with a suitable pyrethroid, e.g. permethrin, provides complete control of a wide range of commonly encountered textile insect pests. The influence of substituents on the mothproofing activity is discussed.

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A Complete and Highly Effective Mothproofing Agent Comprising a Pyrethroid and a Hexahydropyrimidine

Sousa

Schmid

Hefti

et al. 1983

Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists

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Insectproofing of wool

Lewis

Shaw²

1987

Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics

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I Anthrenus spp. Varied carpet beetles INIRODUCTIONIt has long been known that wool and other animal fibres are subject to attack by the lanme of certain moths and beetles and it is normal for articles on the topic of mothproofing to start with a quotation from the Old Testament to demonstrate the antiquity of the problem. It is believed that the larvae of the wool damaging pests originally evolved a modified digestive system so that they might exist on a diet or canion or other dead protein material, such as feathers or insects.This ability to digest and derive nourishment from highly crosslinked protein matter is certainly unusual. Generally speaking, digestive enzymes cannot easily break down the keratin of wool fibres because the disulphide cross-links of cystine prevent access of the active site of the enzyme molecule to the peptide bonds linking the protein main-chains. It is widely accepted that the wool-digesting insect lame have developed an alkaline reducing region in the gut, which is capable of breaking disulphide bonds. Enzymatic digestion of the separated protein chains can then proceed more readily. The recent finding by Hammers et al. [l] of large quantities of intact cystine in the excrements of species of wool damaging insects of several different genera may, however, call this hypothesis into question, unless the reducing region in the gut is followed by an oddising region. DERMESTIDAE Hide beetles I I Anthrenoceros Anagenus spp. Fur beetles INSECT PEsls (See Figure 1) Wool digesting insects are members of two orders: moths (Lepldoptera) and beetles (Coleoptem). The important wool-damaging species are: 7lneula 6 f d e l f a , Hummel. (Common or webbing clothes moth) This pest is distributed worldwide as a single species and is widely employed as a test insect, although generally speaking it is the most susceptible of the wool damaging insect species to mothproofing agents. nnea spp. (Case bearing clothes moth) Several species of the genus Tinea exist in sub-tropical and temperate areas of the world. Identification of individual species is a task for the skilled taxonomist. HohannopNla peudoapmtdh, Stainton. (Brown house moth) In contrast to the clothes moth species of the family Rneidoe described above, this moth belongs to the house moth (Oecophoridoe) family which are general scavengers existing on a diet of both animal and vegetable origin. Only during the last decade has this' moth become a significant pest to wool textiles in the moist, temperate climates of New Zealand and w e s t e r n European coastal areas [2,3], and it is likely that the larvae prefer a cereal diet to one of keratin. Recognition of the wool damaging propensity of this species has led to specific developments in insect resist agents during the last decade. Anthrenus spp. (Varied carpet beetles) Like the case bearing clothes moths, several species and varieties of this pest exist in sub-tropical and temperate regions. The species which is most widely employed for biological testing of insect proofness is the sub-tropic...

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The Biological Evaluation of Pyrethroids as Potential Mothproofing Agents. Part II ‐Esters of α‐Substituted Phenylacetic Acid

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A Complete and Highly Effective Mothproofing Agent Comprising a Pyrethroid and a Hexahydropyrimidine

A Complete and Highly Effective Mothproofing Agent Comprising a Pyrethroid and a Hexahydropyrimidine

Insectproofing of wool

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