The Biogenesis of Ethylene in <i>Penicillium Digitatum</i>

Jacobsen, Donald W.; Wang, Chih H.

doi:10.1104/pp.43.12.1959

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Sodium cis-3-chloroacrylate did not affect ethylene production. This compound has been reported to inhibit the production of labelled ethylene from [1 ~14C]acetate in Penicillium digitatum (Jacobsen and Wang 1968). More detailed studies were made with cycloheximide, sodium monofluoroacetate, HKG, and cyanide.…”

Section: (A) Screening Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Studies with Banana Fruit Slices II. Effects of Inhibitors on Respiration, Ethylene Production, and Ripening

McGlasson¹,

Palmer²,

Vendrell³

et al. 1971

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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Transverse slices of green banana fruit were vacuum· infiltrated with aqueous solutions of 24 potential inhibitors of protein synthesis, respiration, or ethylene production. The effects of these compounds were examined in the absence or presence of 10 p.p.m. ethylene. Of the compounds which produced marked effects mono· fiuoroacetate, 4·hydroxy·2·oxoglutarate (HKG), KCN, and cycloheximide were examined in more detail.Monofiuoroacetate (1 and 2 X 10-2M) and cycloheximide (1 and 2I-'g/ml) almost eliminated the peaks of induced respiration and ethylene production, almost eliminated the respiratory response to added ethylene, and prevented normal ripening. Ethylene production by slices treated with the inhibitors rose within a few hours after treatment to steady levels considerably above the preclimacteric rates of untreated slices, possibly as a result of cell damage. KCN at 5 X 10-2M caused breakdown of the tissue. At 1 and 2·5 X 10-2M, KCN almost eliminated the peak of induced ethylene production, but only delayed the peak of induced respira. tion and retarded ripening in both ethylene. treated and ungassed slices. Before the resumption of a normal ripening pattern in slices treated with KCN ethylene pro· duction declined to normal preclimacteric rates. HKG at 3 X lO-2M eliminated the induced rise in ethylene production, delayed the peak of induced respiration, and reduced respiration in ethylene-treated slices but did not affect ripening. There is evidence that banana tissue may metabolize HKG and KCN.

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Section: (A) Screening Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Studies with Banana Fruit Slices II. Effects of Inhibitors on Respiration, Ethylene Production, and Ripening

McGlasson¹,

Palmer²,

Vendrell³

et al. 1971

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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“…Because of its association with citrus fruits (3), ethylene production by Penicillium digitatum Sacc. has been studied extensively; cultural conditions have been defined (6, 24) and attempts made to elucidate its biosynthetic pathway (9,10,23). When the fungus is cultured on liquid media under static conditions (without shaking), ethylene production is high and appears to be related to the surface development of a mycelial mat (24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in shake culture the mycelium grows as submerged ball-like structures and produces little or no ethylene although growth is equivalent or exceeds that in static culture (6,24). Ethylene produced by P. digitatum grown on liquid medium in static culture was shown (4,9,10) not to derive from methionine, the common precursor of ethylene in higher plants (11,12,25), but from 2-ketoglutarate and glutamate (4). Other, more recent studies of fungi (5,18) and bacteria (20), however, have indicated that methionine may be associated with the production of ethylene in microorganisms.…”

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confidence: 99%

Methionine-induced Ethylene Production by Penicillium digitatum

Chalutz¹,

Lieberman²,

Sisler³

1977

Plant Physiol.

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Shake cultures, in contrast to static cultures of Penicillium digitatum grown in lquid medium, were induced by methionine to produce ethylene. The induction was concentration-dependent, and 7 mm was optimum for the methionine effect. In the presence of methionine, glucose (7 mM) enhanced ethylene production but did not itself induce ethylene production. The induction process lasted several hours, required the presence of viable mycelium, exhibited a lag period for ethylene production, and was effectively inhibited by cydoheximide and actinomycin D.Thus, the methionine-induced ethylene production appeared to involve induction of an enzyme system(s). Methionine not only induced ethylene production but was also utilzed as a substrate since labeled ethylene was produced from [14Cjmethionine.Following induction by the fungus, filtrates of induced shake cultures also evolved ethylene in increasing amounts by both enzymic and nonenzymic reactions. Tracer experiments indicated that the ethylene released by the filtrate was derived from a fungal metabolite of methionine and not directly from methionine.It is now well established that ethylene, a plant hormone, is produced not only by higher plants (11,12) but also by a wide variety of microorganisms (7,8,20,22,25,26). Because of its association with citrus fruits (3), ethylene production by Penicillium digitatum Sacc. has been studied extensively; cultural conditions have been defined (6, 24) and attempts made to elucidate its biosynthetic pathway (9,10,23). When the fungus is cultured on liquid media under static conditions (without shaking), ethylene production is high and appears to be related to the surface development of a mycelial mat (24). However, in shake culture the mycelium grows as submerged ball-like structures and produces little or no ethylene although growth is equivalent or exceeds that in static culture (6,24). Ethylene produced by P. digitatum grown on liquid medium in static culture was shown (4, 9, 10) not to derive from methionine, the common precursor of ethylene in higher plants (11,12,25), but from 2-ketoglutarate and glutamate (4). Other, more recent studies of fungi (5, 18) and bacteria (20), however, have indicated that methionine may be associated with the production of ethylene in microorganisms. In this study we show that shake cultures of P. digitatum could be made to evolve ethylene. We show that methionine induced the ethylene-forming system and also was the precursor of ethylene. Our report describes characteristics of this system. MATERIALS AND METHODS P. digitatum (American Type Culture Collection No. 10030) was grown on modified Pratt's medium (24). For preparation of stock cultures, potato dextrose agar slants were inoculated with the fungus, held at 22 C for several days, and stored at 4 C. A spore suspension (105 spores/ml) used as inoculum for a given test was made from a stock culture with sterile deionized H2O. Test samples were prepared in triplicate or more, by aseptically pipetting 0.5 ml of the spore suspension i...

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“…These data suggest similarities between the ethylene-forming system in the fungus and in higher plants despite differences in precursors under some cultural conditions. The production of ethylene by Penicillium digitatum Sacc., the green mold fungus of citrus fruits, has been extensively studied (2,6,7,17). Cultural conditions affecting ethylene production were described (5,14,15), and the biosynthetic pathway partially elucidated (4,6,7).…”

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confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Ethylene Production in Penicillium digitatum

Chalutz¹,

Lieberman²

1978

Plant Physiol.

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Production of ethylene by static cultures of Penicillium digitatum, which utilize glutamate and a-ketoglutarate as ethylene precursors, was inhibited by methionine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine sulfone, and methionine sulfoximine. Rhizobitoxine did not affect ethylene production but its ethoxy and methoxy analogues were effective inhibitors of ethylene production; its saturated methoxy analogue and kainic acid stimulated ethylene production. Tracer studies showed that the inhibitors blocked the conversion of [3Hlglutamate into [3Hlethylene.In shake cultures of this fungus, which utilize methionine as the ethylene precursor, rhizobitoxine and its unsaturated analogues all inhibited, while the saturated methoxy analogue stimulated ethylene production. In both types of cultures inhibition was irreversible and was diminished by increasing concentrations of the ethylene precursor. The inhibitory activity or lack of it by rhizobitoxine and its analogues appears to be a function of their structural resemblance to glutamate and methionine as well as of their size and stereoconfiguration. These data suggest similarities between the ethylene-forming system in the fungus and in higher plants despite differences in precursors under some cultural conditions. The production of ethylene by Penicillium digitatum Sacc., the green mold fungus of citrus fruits, has been extensively studied (2,6,7,17). Cultural conditions affecting ethylene production were described (5,14,15), and the biosynthetic pathway partially elucidated (4, 6, 7). When the fungus is grown in static culture, ethylene is derived from a-ketoglutarate or glutamate (4) but not from methionine, the only known precursor of ethylene in higher plants (8,9,16 analogue of rhizobitoxine, inhibited production of ethylene by both static and shake cultures of P. digitatum. This observation seemed to be in contrast with a previous finding (11) that rhizobitoxine did not inhibit ethylene production by the fungus in static culture. To resolve this apparent contradiction and to better understand the mode of ethylene production and its control in static and shake cultures of P. digitatum, we studied the effects of ethylene substrates, substrate analogues and inhibitors on the production of ethylene by this fungus. We report the results of this study and discuss their significance. MATERIALS AND METHODSP. digitatum (ATCC No. 10030) was grown on modified Pratt's liquid medium (15). Two types of cultures, static and shake, were used in this study. Static cultures were prepared by aseptically inoculating cotton-plugged, 50-ml, Erlenmeyer flasks containing 10 ml of medium. The fungus was grown statically for 4 days and the medium underneath the mycelial mat was then poured out of the flask and replaced with solutions of the chemicals tested at pH 4.5. Shake cultures were grown in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 ml of medium. These flasks were incubated on a shaker as previously described (15). After 4 days of growth, the cultures were centrifuged, and portions (0....

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The Biogenesis of Ethylene in Penicillium Digitatum

Cited by 32 publications

References 26 publications

Metabolic Studies with Banana Fruit Slices II. Effects of Inhibitors on Respiration, Ethylene Production, and Ripening

Metabolic Studies with Banana Fruit Slices II. Effects of Inhibitors on Respiration, Ethylene Production, and Ripening

Methionine-induced Ethylene Production by Penicillium digitatum

Inhibition of Ethylene Production in Penicillium digitatum

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