The betaine content of sweat from adolescent females

Abstract

BackgroundThis study was developed to establish whether betaine was present in the sweat of females and to determine any correlations with other sweat components.MethodsSweat patches were placed on eight trained adolescent Highland dancers (age = 13.6 ± 2.3 yr), who then participated in a dance class for 2 hours. Patches were removed, and the sweat recovered via centrifugation. The sweat was subsequently analyzed for betaine, choline, sodium, potassium, chloride, lactate, glucose, urea and ammonia.ResultsBetaine was present in the sweat of all subjects (232 ± 84 μmol·L-1), which is higher than typically found in plasma. The concentration of several sweat components were correlated, in particular betaine with most other measured components.ConclusionBetaine, an osmoprotectant and methyl donor, is a component of sweat that may be lost from the body in significant amounts.

A Mediator‐Free Electroenzymatic Sensing Methodology to Mitigate Ionic and Electroactive Interferents' Effects for Reliable Wearable Metabolite and Nutrient Monitoring

“…Here, specifically, this interface is adapted to target glucose, lactate, and choline by the modification of the interface with the respective oxidases. Figure a–c shows the corresponding real‐time chronoamperometric current responses of representative glucose, lactate, and choline sensors (working electrode diameter: 4 mm) within the physiological relevant concentration ranges of the respective analytes (glucose: 0–300 × 10 −6 m ; lactate: 0–20 × 10 −3 m ; and choline: 0–300 × 10 −6 m ) . Linear relationships between the sensor current responses and target analyte concentration levels were observed for all the demonstrated sensors, with measured sensitivities of 59 ± 12 µA m m −1 cm −2 for glucose sensors, 0.79 ± 0.18 µA m m −1 cm −2 for lactate sensors, and 68 ± 5 µA m m −1 cm −2 for choline sensors (all with high degrees of reproducibility and reversibility, as shown in Figures S9 and S10 (Supporting Information), respectively).…”

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for 12 Weeks Increases Resting and Exercise Metabolic Rate in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Females

“…In a previous study, this group also reported an increase in muscle protein synthesis in response to 8 wk of supplementation with 1.9 g/d EPA and 1.5 g/d DHA in healthy older adults (10 males, 6 females; 71 ± 1 yr) [ 50 ]. Further, it was demonstrated that 6 wk of FO supplementation (1.6 g/d of EPA and 0.8 g/d of DHA) in a healthy younger adult population (6 males and 16 females; 33 ± 13 yr, mean + SD) can result in a decreased FM (-0.5 ± 1.3 kg) and an increased LM (+0.5 ± 0.5 kg) without a change in BM [ 19 ]. Thus, a dose response study appears warranted to determine the amount and time required to increase LM, and whether or not a plateau occurs at a certain dose or after a certain time period.…”

“…Skeletal muscle is responsible for ~20% of the metabolic rate at rest and up to ~80% of the energy consumption during exercise [ 17 ]. Research has suggested that O3FA intake, particularly EPA and DHA may increase RMR during rest and exercise in healthy adults, and substrate oxidation to favour a greater usage of fat [ 18 , 19 ]. We recently demonstrated an increase in RMR after 12 wk of EPA and DHA supplementation and the incorporation of these fatty acids into the sarcolemmal and mitochondria membranes of human skeletal muscle of young healthy males [ 20 , 21 ].…”

Betaine in Inflammation: Mechanistic Aspects and Applications

“…As many studies show, cells from bacteria to vertebrates absorb betaine as an osmoprotectant; animals can rapidly absorb betaine through the duodenum of the small intestine ( 13 , 14 ). Specifically, betaine can be freely filtered in the kidney and reabsorbed into the circulation, so it is primarily excreted in sweat instead of urine ( 15 , 16 ). Betaine accumulation depends on transporters, and it primarily distributes to the kidneys, liver, and brain ( 2 ).…”