The benefits of defining “snacks”

Hess, Julie; Slavin, Joanne L.

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.019

Cited by 32 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Third, the literature has previously raised the challenges of defining what is considered a snack and the implications of different definitions. (45) As in previous studies, our participants self-identified snacks. (17; 20; 46) For each EO participants reported whether they considered the EO a snack or a meal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the different strategies we used (such as a food atlas to probe for portions consumed and caregivers responding for younger children during interviews), there is a possibility of misreporting by participants. Third, the literature has previously raised the challenges of defining what is considered a snack and the implications of different definitions (44) . As in previous studies, our participants self-identified snacks (17,20,45) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Snacking patterns among Chilean children and adolescents: is there potential for improvement?

Jensen¹,

Reyes²,

Popkin³

et al. 2019

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To examine snacking patterns, food sources, and nutrient profiles of snacks in low- and middle- income Chilean children and adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional. Dietary data were collected via 24-hour food recalls. We determined the proportion of snackers, snacks per day, and calories from top food and beverage groups consumed. We compared the nutrient profile (energy, sodium, total sugars, and saturated fat) of snacks versus meals. Setting: Southeast region of Chile. Subjects: Children and adolescents from 2 cohorts: the Food Environment Chilean Cohort (n = 958, 4– 6 years old) and the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study (n = 752, 12–14 years old). Results: With an average of 2.30 ± 0.03 snacks per day consumed, 95.2% of children and 89.9% of adolescents reported at least 1 snacking event. Snacks contributed on average 360 kilocalories per day in snacking children and 530 kilocalories per day in snacking adolescents (29.0% and 27.4% daily energy contribution, respectively). Grain-based desserts, salty snacks, other sweets and desserts, dairy foods, and cereal-based foods contributed the most energy from snacks in the overall sample. For meals, cereal- based foods, dairy beverages, meat and meat substitutes, oils and fats, and fruits and vegetables were the top energy contributors. Conclusions: Widespread snacking among Chilean youth provides over a quarter of their kilocalories per day and includes foods generally considered high in energy, saturated fat, sodium, and/or total sugars. Future research should explore whether snacking behaviors change as the result of Chile’s national regulations on food marketing, labeling and school environments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snacking patterns among Chilean children and adolescents: is there potential for improvement?

Jensen¹,

Reyes²,

Popkin³

et al. 2019

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Given the limitations of each snack definition and the consequent low confidence in the conclusions that can be drawn from studies that use them [7,[20][21][22][23], there are conflicting viewpoints on whether to encourage or restrict snack consumption [18,19,[24][25][26][27]. Some evidence indicates that snacking may contribute substantially to nutrient intake and, if appropriately managed, could enhance diet quality [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of different definitions of snacking frequency and associations with weight status among U.S. adults

et al. 2020

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Snacks, while widely consumed in the United States (U.S.), do not have a standard definition, complicating research to understand associations, if any, with weight status. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between snacking frequency and weight status using various snacking definitions that exist in the scientific literature among U.S. adults (NHANES 2013-2016; �20y n = 9,711). Four event-based snacking definitions were operationalized including participant-defined snacks, eating events outside of meals, and operationally defined snacks based on absolute thresholds of energy consumed (>50 kcal). Weight status was examined using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and sagittal abdominal diameter risk. Logistic regression models examined snacking frequency and associations with weight status. Outcomes varied by the definition of a snack employed, but the majority of findings were null. Mean energy from snacks was significantly higher among women with obesity compared to women with normal weight when a snack was defined as any event outside of a typical mealtime (i.e. other than breakfast, lunch, dinner, super, brunch), regardless of whether or not it contributed �50 kcal. Further investigation into ingestive behaviors that may influence the relationship between snacking frequency and weight status is needed.

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“…By contrast, some past evaluations of nutrient density of snacks, some based on the NRF nutrient density score (29), have focused more on the snacks' nutritional value rather than on their energy density alone. When it comes to snacks, dietary advice has focused on promoting snacks of lower energy density and higher nutrition value (29)(30)(31). It should be noted that some energy-dense snacks were relatively nutrient rich (32); for example, nuts and fortified cereals both had high NRF8.3 scores.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dairy and Fruit Listed as Main Ingredients Improve NRF8.3 Nutrient Density Scores of Children's Snacks

Drewnowski

Richonnet²

2020

Front. Nutr.

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Background: The US Food and Drug Administration has modified its regulations on nutrient content claims by considering healthy dietary ingredients as well as nutrients. Objective: To assess the relation between dairy and fruit as main ingredients in children's snacks and the Nutrient Rich Food (NRF8.3) nutrient density score. Methods: Commonly consumed children's snacks in the United States, Canada, France, and the United Kingdom (n = 261) were assigned into USDA What We Eat in America (WWEI) categories. Nutrient composition data came from industry websites, open-source government databases (USDA Standard Reference SR28; CIQUAL), and back-of-pack food labels. Nutrient density was calculated using the Nutrient Rich Food Index NRF8.3. Snacks with dairy or fruit as the first listed ingredient (n = 115) were compared to those that listed neither (n = 146). Snacks that contained fruits-vegetables-nuts (FVN) (n = 88) were compared to those that did not (n = 173). Results: NRF8.3 scores were higher for snacks listing dairy or fruit as main ingredients. Dairy or fruit when listed as the first ingredient were associated with higher percent daily values of protein, fiber, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin D, lower saturated fat content and a 30-point increment in NRF8.3 scores. The presence of FVN was associated with a 22-point increment in NRF8.3 scores. Conclusion: The correspondence between back-of-pack food ingredients and the nutrient based NRF8.3 scores suggests that ingredients can also be used to communicate the nutritional value of foods to the consumer. Dairy and fruit, when listed as first ingredients, were an important component of the NRF8.3 nutrient density score.

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The benefits of defining “snacks”

Cited by 32 publications

References 41 publications

Snacking patterns among Chilean children and adolescents: is there potential for improvement?

Snacking patterns among Chilean children and adolescents: is there potential for improvement?

Examination of different definitions of snacking frequency and associations with weight status among U.S. adults

Dairy and Fruit Listed as Main Ingredients Improve NRF8.3 Nutrient Density Scores of Children's Snacks

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