The Belgammel Ram, a Hellenistic-Roman BronzeProembolionFound off the Coast of Libya: test analysis of function, date and metallurgy, with a digital reference archive

Abstract

The Belgammel Ram was found off the coast of Libya in 1964, and examined during 2008-9. The following techniques were used: surface non-contact digitizing using a laser scanner, reflectance transformation imaging using polynomial texture mapping and hemi-spherical harmonics, digital photogrammetry with dense surface modelling, structured light optical scanning, and X-ray fluorescence analysis. For internal structure the ram was examined by X-radiography and 3-D X-ray tomography. Metallurgical composition was studied by micro-drilling and subjecting the samples to scanning electron microscope X-ray micro-analysis, micro X-ray fluorescence and X-ray backscatter. The lead isotope composition was analysed.bs_bs_banner

Evaluating the precision of Pb isotope measurement by mass spectrometry

“…These plots show the Pb isotopes of six samples of bronze taken from the Belgammel Ram; a Hellenistic-Roman Proembolion found off the Coast of Libya. 54 Bronze samples were processed via anion exchange to isolate Pb, before the isotopic composition of each was measured by double spiking, with the natural run of the double spike pair also spiked with Tl. As such, both techniques were deployed from single mass spectrometer runs.…”

Modified Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with a Dual Synergetic Antibacterial Effect

“…Since 300 B.C., Greeks and Romans used copper in the bronze-shod rams of their warships and copper nails to secure the lead sheathing. 7,10 To date, the working principle of the most of paint systems applied is based on slow release of biocide compounds. This operating principle has drawbacks for the paint systems 11 .…”

“…Almost all antifouling paints today contain copper as their primary active ingredient which is well-known for more than 2000 years from ancient years. Since 300 B.C., Greeks and Romans used copper in the bronze-shod rams of their warships and copper nails to secure the lead sheathing. , …”