The behaviour of chickens, mice and rats during euthanasia with chloroform, carbon dioxide and ether

Blackshaw, J. K.; Fenwick, D. C.; Beattie, A. W.; Allan, David J.

doi:10.1258/002367788780746674

Cited by 50 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Behaviors chosen for welfare assessment included those associated with physiological distress, such as open-mouth breathing (Forslid, 1987;Martoft et al, 2002;Mota-Rojas et al, 2012), or psychological distress, such as escape (Blackshaw et al, 1988;Velarde et al, 2007), righting response (Grandin, 1998;Kohler et al, 1999;AVMA, 2013), defecation, and urination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of flow rate and gas mixture on the welfare of weaned and neonate pigs during gas euthanasia1

Sadler

Hagen²,

Wang

et al. 2014

Journal of Animal Science

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The objectives of this study were to assess efficacy and welfare implications of gas euthanasia when applied to weaned and neonate pigs. Parameters associated with welfare, which were measured before loss of consciousness, included open-mouth breathing, ataxia, righting response, and escape attempts. Two age groups (weaned and neonate) were assessed in 9 gas treatments arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial design, with 2 gas types (CO 2 = 100% CO 2 and 50:50 = 50:50 CO 2 :argon) and 4 flow rates (box volume exchange/min: slow = 20%; medium = 35%; fast = 50%; prefill = prefilled followed by 20%) and a control treatment in which ambient air was passed through the box. Pig pairs (10/treatment) were placed in a modified Euthanex AgPro system (Euthanex Corp., Palmer, PA). Behavioral and physiological responses were observed directly and from video recordings for latency, duration, prevalence (percent of pigs affected), and frequency (number of occurrences/pig). Data were analyzed as linear mixed models or with a Cox proportional hazard model as appropriate. Piglet pair was the experimental unit. For the weaned pig, welfare was superior with CO 2 relative to 50:50 within 1 or more flow rates on the basis of reduced duration of open-mouth breathing, duration of ataxia, frequency of escape attempts, and duration and frequency of righting response (P < 0.05). No measured parameters indicated superior welfare with the use of 50:50, whereas latencies to loss of posture and last movement favored CO 2 (P < 0.05). Faster flow rates were associated with reduced (P < 0.05) duration or frequency of open-mouth breathing, ataxia, and righting response, as well as superior (P< 0.05) indicators of efficacy, including latencies to loss of posture, gasping, and last movement, relative to slower flow rates. Weaned pigs were more likely to defecate (P < 0.01), display nasal discharge (P < 0.05), and display longer (P < 0.001) latencies to loss of posture and last movement than neonates. Duration of ataxia was the only parameter for which neonates were superior (P < 0.01) to weaned pigs during euthanasia. As such, a 50:50 CO 2 :argon gas mixture and slower flow rates should be avoided when euthanizing weaned or neonate pigs with gas methods. Neonate pigs succumb to the effects of gas euthanasia quicker than weaned pigs and display fewer signs of distress. This is a manuscript of an article that is not peer-reviewed from Journal of Animal Science 92 (2014): 793, doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6598. ABSTRACT:The objectives of this study were to assess efficacy and welfare implications of gas euthanasia when applied to weaned and neonate pigs. Parameters associated with welfare, which were measured prior to loss of consciousness, included open-mouth breathing, ataxia, righting response, and escape attempts. Two age groups (weaned and neonate) were assessed in 9 gas treatments arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial design, with 2 gas types (CO 2 = 100% CO 2 or 50:50 = 50:50 CO 2 :argon) and 4 flow rates (box volume exchange/min: slow = 20%; medium = 35%; fast...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Escape attempts have been noted by several researchers to be an indicator of compromised welfare and, as such, the goal is to reduce its prevalence (Blackshaw et al, 1988;Kirkden and Pajor, 2006;Velarde et al, 2007). Escape attempts in this study were rare in comparison to other studies (Raj and Gregory, 1996;Velarde et al, 2007).…”

Section: Gas Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of flow rate and gas mixture on the welfare of weaned and neonate pigs during gas euthanasia1

Sadler

Hagen²,

Wang

et al. 2014

Journal of Animal Science

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“…4042006). Dead parakeets were processed immediately, while injured parakeets were euthanized and were placed in closed containers filled with cotton wool that was saturated with chloroform (BLACKSHAW et al, 1988), after obtaining blood for smears. All inanimate birds were then inoculated intraperitonially using 10% formalin, individually stored in sealed plastic bags, and transported inside a cooler to the Parasitological Laboratory of the School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic survey on introduced monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in Santiago, Chile

Briceño

Surot

González‐Acuña

et al. 2017

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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Central Chile has been identified as a unique ecosystem with high conservation priority because of its high levels of endemism and intensive anthropic pressure. Over a period of almost four decades, the monk parakeet has been successful in establishing and dispersing in urban Santiago, although little is known about its potential impact. Furthermore, nothing is known about its epidemiological risks towards animals or even humans. For this reason, we conducted the first parasitic survey of monk parakeets in Chile through capture, necropsy and thorough external and internal inspection of 92 adult individuals. Among these, 45.7% presented lice that were identified as Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatum, 1.1% had mesostigmatid acari and 8.9% had free-ranging acari. Among 89 parakeets, 19.1% had structures identified as Cryptosporidium sp. This study provides the first description of Cryptosporidium sp. in monk parakeets. Along with the presence of a mesostigmatid acarus in one parakeet, this serves as a public health warning, given that both of these parasites have zoonotic potential.Keywords: Psittacidae, Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatum, mesostigmatid acarus, oribatid acari, Cryptosporidium. ResumoA porção central do Chile é reconhecidamente uma área com ecossistemas únicos de alta prioridade para conservação. Isso se deve aos altos níveis de endemismo na região e pressões antrópicas intensas. Durante quase quatro décadas, a caturrita tem obtido sucesso em seu estabelecimento e dispersão na área urbana de Santiago, apesar da falta de conhecimento com relação ao seu potencial impacto. Além disso, não há informações sobre riscos epidemiológicos para animais e tampouco para humanos. Motivado por essa questão, foi realizado o primeiro levantamento parasitário de caturritas no Chile a partir da captura, necropsia e inspeção interna e externa de 92 indivíduos adultos. Deste total, 45,7% apresentaram piolhos da espécie Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatum, 1,1% apresentaram ácaros da ordem Mesostigmata, e 8,9% apresentaram ácaros de vida livre. Dentre 89 caturritas, 19,1% apresentaram estruturas identificadas como Cryptosporidium sp. Este estudo apresenta a primeira descrição de Cryptosporidium sp. em caturritas. Ademais, a presença de ácaros da ordem Mesostigmata em uma das aves serve como um alerta para saúde pública, considerando que estes dois parasitas apresentam potencial zoonótico.Palavras-chave: Psittacidae, Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatum, ácaro mesostigmatídeo, ácaro orobatídeo, Cryptosporidium.

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“…Smith & Harrap 1997, Leach et al 2002a, times to anaesthesia and death (Blackshaw et al 1988, Danneman et al 1997, Kohler et al 1999, EEG activity (Thurauf et al 1991), histology (Britt 1986, Danneman et al 1997) and blood pH (Hewett et al 1993).…”

Section: Relevant Human Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon dioxide for euthanasia: concerns regarding pain and distress, with special reference to mice and rats

et al. 2005

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SummaryCarbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is the most commonly used agent for euthanasia of laboratory rodents, used on an estimated tens of millions of laboratory rodents per year worldwide, yet there is a growing body of evidence indicating that exposure to CO 2 causes more than momentary pain and distress in these and other animals. We reviewed the available literature on the use of CO 2 for euthanasia (as well as anaesthesia) and also informally canvassed laboratory animal personnel for their opinions regarding this topic. Our review addresses key issues such as CO 2 flow rate and final concentration, presence of oxygen, and prefilled chambers (the animal is added to the chamber once a predetermined concentration and flow rate have been reached) versus gradual induction (the animal is put into an empty chamber and the gas agent(s) is gradually introduced at a fixed rate). Internationally, animal research standards specify that any procedure that would cause pain or distress in humans should be assumed to do so in non-human animals as well (Public Health Service 1986, US Department of Agriculture 1997, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 2000). European Union guidelines, however, specify a certain threshold of pain or distress, such as 'skilled insertion of a hypodermic needle', as the starting point at which regulation of the use of animals in experimental or other scientific procedures begins (Biotechnology Regulatory Atlas n.d.). There is clear evidence in the human literature that CO 2 exposure is painful and distressful, while the non-human literature is equivocal. However, the fact that a number of studies do conclude that CO 2 causes pain and distress in animals indicates a need for careful reconsideration of its use. Finally, this review offers recommendations for alternatives to the use of CO 2 as a euthanasia agent.Keywords Carbon dioxide; euthanasia; pain; distress; anaesthesia; welfare; rodents Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is commonly used for euthanasia and anaesthesia of laboratory rodents, largely because of its ease of use, relative safety, and low cost, as well as its capacity to euthanize large numbers of animals in a short time span (Ambrose et al. 2000). In large institutions and those with significant rodent-breeding programmes, large numbers of rodents are often euthanized in a short time (Kline et al. 1963) and an appropriate gas agent is often the best way to approach such a challenge. However, CO 2 is not physiologically inert and the published evidence on whether or not CO 2 administration causes pain or distress in animals raises questions about its routine use. This paper reviews this published evidence and includes information on the effects of CO 2 in both humans and nonhumans. Methodological details are included when possible in order to provide a clear

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The behaviour of chickens, mice and rats during euthanasia with chloroform, carbon dioxide and ether

Cited by 50 publications

References 3 publications

Effects of flow rate and gas mixture on the welfare of weaned and neonate pigs during gas euthanasia1

Effects of flow rate and gas mixture on the welfare of weaned and neonate pigs during gas euthanasia1

Parasitic survey on introduced monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in Santiago, Chile

Carbon dioxide for euthanasia: concerns regarding pain and distress, with special reference to mice and rats

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