The Behaviour and Development of Brugia patei (Buckley, Nelson and Heisch, 1958) in a Mosquito Host, Mansonia uniformis (Theobald)

Abstract

1. The behaviour and development of Brugia patei has been followed in the mosquito host, Mansonia uniformis, from ingestion of the microfilariae to the development of the infective stages.2. The microfilariae penetrated very rapidly out of the stomach into the abdomen of the mosquito; 80% of them escape from the stomach during the first 50 minutes after a blood meal.3. The microfilariae migrate from the abdomen to the thorax through fat body cells and the heart during the first 140 minutes followed engorgement and begin to penetrate the indirect flight muscles within 15 minutes from engorgement. During this migration microfilariae were found in close association, suggesting that they follow similar pathways of migration through the body of the mosquito.4. Most microfilariae (98%) have settled in the indirect flight muscles within 2 hours of engorgement. In these muscles the larvae digest away the muscle surrounding them but do not begin to elongate until the third or fourth day after the blood meal. The rate of development varies from one mosquito host to another, but about 80% of the larvae have developed to the infective stage by the ninth to tenth days after the infective feed. The infective stages concentrate in the head and proboscis of the mosquito vector. The development of B. patei is faster than that of B. pahangi in mosquitoes from the same colony.5. The efficiency of M. uniformis as a vector of B. patei is compared with the similar efficiency of M. longipalpis as a vector of B. malayi. In both mosquitoes the majority of the microfilariae ingested develop to the infective stage. M. uniforms is also an efficient vector of B. pahangi.6. The development of the parasite is discussed briefly with reference to knowledge of the physiological events within the mosquito host subsequent to the blood meal.

The invasion of the midgut of the mosquito Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 by the helminth Litomosoides chagasfilhoi

“…Similarly, O'Connor and Beatty (1936) reported that W. bancrofti microWlaria invades the midgut of C. quinquefasciatus, at a similar time after a blood meal. In fact, the invasion of the midgut of other mosquito species by W. bancrofti, as well as by other human microWlariae, such as B. malayi and Brugia patei, were also recognized to occur at 2-3 h after blood feeding (Laurence and Pester, 1961;Bain and Brengues, 1972;Petit, 1978;Petit and Spitalier-Kaveh, 1979). However, some species of human microWlaria, such as Brugia pahangi (Esslinger, 1962) and Onchocerca volvulus (Laurence, 1966;Bain and Philippon, 1969) can invade the vector midguts, i.e., between 5 and 60 min after the blood meal.…”

Molecular Identification of Vertebrate and Hemoparasite DNA Within Mosquito Blood Meals From Eastern North Dakota

“…In some filarioid/mosquito combinations, most, if not all, ingested microfilariae exit the blood meal into the hemocoel within hours after being ingested (Wharton 1957, Laurence andPester 1961). In other combinations, few if any succeed in leaving the midgut (Ewert 1966, Zielke 1992.…”

The circadian flight activity of Aedes aegypti parasitized with the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi

“…The degree to which activity falls depends upon the number of microfilariae imbibed because microfilarial density is itself proportional to the number of infective stage larvae (Paige & Craig, 1975). Microfilariae begin to enter the haemocoel through the midgut within minutes, and migrate through the fat body and penetrate the flight muscles within 2 h (Laurence & Pester, 1961;Esslinger, 1962). Esslinger (1962) noticed that heavilyinfected mosquitoes were unable to stand or fly after feeding, whereas lightly-infected mosquitoes and controls were very active at this stage.…”