The Behavior of a Silicone-Lubricated Electrostatic Clutch

Hepatotoxicity of Antibiotics and Antifungals and Their Safe Use in Hepatic Impairment

“…Piperacillin–tazobactam (P-T) is an intravenous (IV) antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity commonly used in the inpatient setting, accounting for 8% of all U.S. hospital antibiotic prescriptions in 2015. 62 While not a common DILI culprit in the West, P-T is a frequent cause of DILI in South Korea. 63 64 Incidence of P-T DILI varies, with a Korean study finding 3.2 per 1,000 patients prescribed 64 versus 6.7 per 10,000 defined daily dose (DDD) in geriatric patients in Spain.…”

“…8 It is frequently used in the surgical setting for prophylaxis and accounted for 11% of inpatient antibiotics administered. 62 Inpatient incidence of DILI was found to be 34 cases per 10,000 DDD in the elderly. 65 Hepatotoxicity associated with cefazolin is unique in that it can present after a single intravenous dose.…”

“…Fluoroquinolones are frequently used in the inpatient setting 62 and in patients with cirrhosis. 74 Drugs likely to cause hepatotoxicity include ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin.…”

“…Ceftriaxone is the most commonly used antibiotic in the inpatient setting in the United States, accounting for 10% of prescriptions in 2015. 62 Furthermore, it is commonly used in patients with cirrhosis as part of standard of care. 74 Hepatotoxicity from ceftriaxone is rare, with incidence rates ranging from 1.2 cases per 1,000 patients prescribed 64 to 34 cases per 10,000 DDD.…”

“…Vancomycin is commonly used in the inpatient setting accounting for 12% of all prescribed antibiotics in the United States. 62 Liver injury from vancomycin has been estimated to be 2.3 cases per 1,000 patients prescribed. 64 A previous meta-analysis has shown IV vancomycin monotherapy to have twice the risk of hepatic events relative to other IV antibiotics.…”