The Basis of Muscle Regeneration

Abstract

Muscle regeneration recapitulates many aspects of embryonic myogenesis and is an important homeostatic process of the adult skeletal muscle, which, after development, retains the capacity to regenerate in response to appropriate stimuli, activating the muscle compartment of stem cells, namely, satellite cells, as well as other precursor cells. Moreover, significant evidence suggests that while stem cells represent an important determinant for tissue regeneration, a "qualified" environment is necessary to guarantee and achieve functional results. It is therefore plausible that the loss of control over these cell fate decisions could lead to a pathological transdifferentiation, leading to pathologic defects in the regenerative process. This review provides an overview about the general aspects of muscle development and discusses the cellular and molecular aspects that characterize the five interrelated and time-dependent phases of muscle regeneration, namely, degeneration, inflammation, regeneration, remodeling, and maturation/functional repair.

Protective and Promising Myogenic Effect of Two Thymoquinone Formulations In Relation To the Hamster Buccal Pouch-Induced Carcinogenic Model

“…In a review of muscle regeneration, chronic inflammation and fibrosis result in interference with muscle regeneration (38), supporting the present results, where continuous DMBA painting (G. B), elicited persistent irritation ending with short pouches with no evidence of elongation till end of the experiment, even when DMBA was stopped for 2 weeks mostly due to persistence of the necrotic tissue. While in all combined groups, TQ and NTQ in a dose-and time-dependent manner hadstimulated muscle regeneration, as their pretreatment then continued with DMBAand expulsion of the inflammatory cells, had resulted in reduced tissue necrosis and faster resolution of the necrotic tissue, i.e.…”

“…promoting muscle regeneration. The sequence of muscle regeneration, following its degeneration, starts in few hours to few days (38). Therefore, it was of importance to look for some important mediators of muscle regeneration as TGF-β, TNF-α, NF-ĸB, and caspase-3, where the induction of degeneration (by the carcinogen) followed by muscle differentiation (induced by the anti-inflammatory TQ and NTQ) cascade.…”

Insights into the Pathogenic Secondary Symptoms Caused by the Primary Loss of Dystrophin

“…Satellite cells (SCs) are adult myogenic stem cells, residing in a specialized niche between the basal lamina and sarcolemma of individual myofibers, and their activation, proliferation, and differentiation are critical for muscle regeneration after injury [36,37]. However, it has been reported that lack of dystrophin affects SC polarity and asymmetric division as well as the ability to enter the myogenic program, thus contributing to the severity of disease [35,38].…”

“…Muscle regeneration is a highly coordinated program that requires a timely, controlled induction of muscle transcription factors (MRFs) and muscle specific genes [37,39]. Several studies reported how the complete differentiation program was impaired in muscles affected by DMD.…”

Regenerative Potential of D- and #948;-Tocotrienol Rich Fraction on Crushed Skeletal Muscle of Diabetic Rats

“…Necrotic fibers are enlarged with altered internal architecture, and necrosis involves the influx of calcium ions and the loss of the plasmalemma [15]. Degeneration and necrosis represent a continuum of lesions and therefore are often both present within a given lesion [16].…”