The balance of the annual heating and cooling demand within the London urban heat island

Watkins, Richard; Palmer, J E G; Kolokotroni, Maria; Littlefair, Paul

doi:10.1191/0143624402bt043oa

Cited by 55 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…This criterion translates into a limit of 150 hours above 258C, somewhat less than the number recorded by the Heathrow DSY at the outer edge of the London heat island. Even if the internal temperatures in a building within London could be maintained throughout at ambient during the peak summer period, the CIBSE comfort criterion could not be met, even discounting the considerable uplift in summer night temperatures measured in August 1998 (Watkins et al, 2002).…”

Section: Contract Controls Speci¢cationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its situation at the epicentre of the London urban heat island, as measured by Watkins et al (2002), required additional mechanical cooling in peak summer conditions to deliver comfort to current UK guidance (Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), 2006). Short et al (2004) explored how the wholly passive strategy applied to the Lanchester Library in Coventry could be modified to perform within the heat island by the addition of passive downdraught cooling (PDC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Delivery and performance of a low-energy ventilation and cooling strategy

Short¹,

Cook²,

Lomas³

2009

Building Research & Information

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There is an appreciable literature exploring environmental design strategies for low-energy, naturally ventilated and cooled buildings, but less is recorded about their implementation in practice. The commissioning and monitoring of the passive downdraught-cooled UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES), London, is reported. The building contractor, his suppliers and subcontractors experienced considerable difficulty in achieving defect-free environmental systems, adversely affecting the practical delivery of the strategy for an extended period. The design team was closely involved throughout this period to assist in establishing a stable controls regime reflecting the design intent. However, this intent was itself modified by feedback provided by monitoring. The widely used professional appointment and construction contracts employed for this project do not envisage the need for such extensive commissioning. However, it is argued here that the new generation of advanced naturally ventilated buildings, much encouraged by policy-makers worldwide, will require just such a comprehensive commissioning exercise to deliver anything like their full designed performance.Keywords: building performance, commissioning, feedback, monitoring, natural ventilation, passive downdraught cooling, procurement, project delivery, sustainable construction Il existe une importante littérature consacrée aux stratégies de conception environnementale pour les bâ timents à faible énergie, ventilation et réfrigération naturelles; en revanche, elle est moins fournie en ce qui concerne la mise en oeuvre de ces techniques. Cet article décrit la mise en service et la surveillance, à Londres, du bâ timent de l'UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) qui est réfrigéré par aspiration descendante. L'entrepreneur de construction de ce bâ timent, ses fournisseurs et ses sous-traitants ont été confrontés à de grandes difficultés lors de la réalisation de systèmes environnementaux sans défaut, ce qui a retardé pendant longtemps la mise en pratique de cette stratégie. L'équipe de conception, étroitement associée pendant toute cette période, a apporté sa contribution à la réalisation d'un régime de contrô le stable reflétant le concept. Toutefois, ce concept était lui-même modifié par des retours d'informations provenant du système de surveillance. Les contrats de désignation de professionnels et de construction, largement utilisés pour ce projet n'envisagent pas la nécessité d'une telle mise en service. Toutefois, on fait valoir ici que la nouvelle génération de bâ timents de pointe à ventilation naturelle, très encouragée par les décideurs politiques dans le monde entier, nécessiteront une mise en service complète pour que ces bâ timents offrent toutes les performances spécifiées.Mots clés: performances de bâ timents, mise en service, retour d'information, surveillance, ventilation naturelle, réfrigération passive par aspiration descendante, approvisionnement, livraison du projet, construction durable BUILDING

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Section: Contract Controls Speci¢cationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delivery and performance of a low-energy ventilation and cooling strategy

Short¹,

Cook²,

Lomas³

2009

Building Research & Information

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Since an explicit representation of urban areas was not included in the HadRM3 model the UKCP09 projections cannot fully incorporate the transient effects of the urban areas in the probabilistic predictions [48]. Studies including those carried out by Watkins et al [49] have shown that, on average, the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect for London lies between about 2.5 -3 °C in summer [50] and 1.0 -3.2°C during winter [51]. However, according to the UKCP the projections of future climate available from the WG do include the current effects of urbanisation at the 5km 2 scale.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

A proposed method for generating high resolution current and future climate data for Passivhaus design

McLeod

Hopfe

Rezgui

2012

Energy and Buildings

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The sensitivity of low energy and passive solar buildings to their climatic context creates a requirement for accurate local climate data. This situation takes on increasing importance in the context of modelling Passivhaus buildings where the absence of conventional oversized heating and cooling systems implies a greater reliance upon fabric and system optimisation. Conversely, future climatic changes may also pose serious implications for super insulated buildings with inadequate solar shading. Currently, many widely used building performance simulation (BPS) tools still rely on very limited sources of climate data.The following research examines the need for regional and, in some cases, micro-regional climatic data when designing ultra-low energy Passivhaus buildings in the UK. The paper proposes a new methodology for generating this data in PHPP format. The data generated is compared to alternative sources, and the implications discussed in the context of three case studies examining a certified Passivhaus dwelling in a mountainous region of Wales as well as two locations, in close proximity, within London. If correctly implemented the use of such data should provide a more robust basis for future cost and performance optimisation in low energy and passive building design.

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“…The refurbishment in Figure 9 indicates the availability of a mechanical mode, potentially required in the south of England and certainly within the London heat island (Watkins et al 2002). The stack termination is sealed by dampers and exhaust air is drawn out of the collection plenum into a return duct behind the parapet connecting to a centralized airhandling unit, in which heat is received, and cooling provided.…”

Section: Refurbishment Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This article focuses on Northwick Park Hospital in west London, a representative concrete frame, lightweight clad, medium rise, medium depth hospital. The building lies within, but towards the perimeter of, the London heat island (Watkins et al 2002) putting it at greater risk of overheating during summer periods due to the reduced cooling potential of night time ventilation. This article shows how computer simulation was used to assess the relative impact on thermal, energy and daylight performance of three proposed refurbishment options.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low energy refurbishment strategies for health buildings

Short

Cook

Cropper

et al. 2010

Journal of Building Performance Simulation

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Public health buildings contribute significantly to UK carbon emissions. New build initiatives have received more attention than the considerable opportunities to reduce carbon emissions within the retained health estate. The research reported here has considered the environmental performance of a typical medium rise, medium depth, concrete-framed, late 1960s acute hospital following low energy environmental design interventions. The interventions are made to optimize daylighting and natural ventilation/cooling whilst reducing overheating caused by summer time solar gains. Three options are investigated: advanced natural ventilation using plena and exhaust stacks; fan-assisted natural ventilation in which fans are used in the exhaust stacks; and mechanical ventilation/cooling with heat recovery. Computer simulations have been carried out to predict the influence on thermal performance (overheating risk) and energy consumption of each of these options on the original design. For each case, current weather data, and future weather data for the years 2020, 2050 and 2080, have been used.

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The balance of the annual heating and cooling demand within the London urban heat island

Cited by 55 publications

References 1 publication

Delivery and performance of a low-energy ventilation and cooling strategy

Delivery and performance of a low-energy ventilation and cooling strategy

A proposed method for generating high resolution current and future climate data for Passivhaus design

Low energy refurbishment strategies for health buildings

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