The Autonomic Nervous System

Kuntz, Albert

doi:10.1001/jama.1936.02770050001001

Cited by 42 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…We presume that this abnormal nerve was the greater splanchnic nerve and that the communication which were noticed at the level of T9, T10 and T11 were probably the lesser and least splanchnic nerves which joined the greater splanchnic nerve to form a common splanchnic nerve. A higher origin of the greater splanchnic nerve at the level of T4 has been reported (Kuntz, 1934 andReed, 1951) but in the present study, we report the same at a higher level i.e T3 . To the best of our knowledge, only a single study in the past has reported a higher origin of greater splanchnic nerve at T3 level, but it was not supplemented with necessary histological study (Naidoo et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

Variations of Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves and its Clinical Implications

et al. 2005

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SUMMARY:The present study reports an anomalous branching pattern of the thoracic sympathetic chain. At the level of T3 ganglion, an anomalous branch i.e accessory sympathetic chain (ASC) descended anteromedial to the main sympathetic chain (MSC). The MSC and the ASC communicated with each other at the level of T9, T10 and T11 ganglion, indicating the absence of classical pattern of greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves on the right side. However, on the left side, the sympathetic chain displayed normal branching pattern. We opine that the ASC may be representing a higher origin of greater splanchnic nerve at the level of T3 ganglion and the branches from MSC at T9, T10 and T11 ganglion may be the lesser and least splanchnic nerves, which further joined the ASC (i.e presumably the greater splanchnic nerve) to form a common trunk. This common trunk pierced the right crus of diaphragm to reach the right suprarenal plexus after giving few branches to the celiac plexus.Awareness and knowledge of such anatomical variants of thoracic sympathetic chain may be helpful to surgeons in avoiding any incomplete denervation or preventing any inadvertent injury during thoracic sympathectomy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

Variations of Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves and its Clinical Implications

et al. 2005

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“…Due to the functional significance of the heart, the morphology of the complicated autonomic cardiac nervous system that plays important roles in the cardiac regulation has been well studied in the human (Ellison and Williams, 1962;Fukuyama, 1982;Harman, 1900;Hausman, 1956;Janes et al, 1986;Kawashima, 2005Kawashima, , 2011Sasaki, 2005, 2007;Kuntz, 1946;Kuntz and Morehouse, 1930;Mizeres, 1963;Mitchell, 1953;Pauza et al, 2002aPauza et al, ,b, 2000Pick, 1970;Tanaka, 2005;Wrete, 1959). Experimental and developmental studies of the autonomic cardiac nervous system have also been conducted in animals such as the mouse, rat, rabbit, chick, and dog (Armour et al, 1972;Benítez et al, 1959;Brack et al, 2011;Gomez, 1958;Haws and Burgess, 1978;Hildreth et al, 2008Hildreth et al, , 2009Kirby et al, 1980;Kuratani et al, 1991;Kuratani and Tanaka, 1990;Levy et al, 1966;Mabe and Hoover, 2011;Meyer et al, 2010;Mizeres, 1955Mizeres, , 1957Mizeres, , 1958Mizuno et al, 2010;Oliveira et al, 2010;Roberts, 1991;Schwartz, 2010;Scherlag et al, 2011;Shaner, 1930;…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic and comparative morphologies of the extrinsic cardiac nervous system in lemurs (Primates: Strepsirrhini: Infraorder Lemuriformes, Gray, 1821) with evolutionary morphological implications

Kawashima

Thorington

Sato

2013

Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology

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“…Splanchnic nerves contain predominantly visceral efferent fibers and pain conducting visceral afferent fibers [9]. The highest contribution of the sympathetic chain to the GSN is coming from the T4 and T5 ganglia [10][11][12]. The lowest sympathetic ganglion contribution for the GSN is coming from the T12 ganglion [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%