The August and October 1968 east rift eruptions of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

Jackson, Dallas B.; Swanson, Donald A.; Koyanagi, Robert Y.; Wright, Thomas L.

doi:10.3133/pp890

Cited by 46 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…2. Use of volumes erupted into, and thereby contained within, pit craters of known volume (Jackson et al 1975;Richter et al 1970;Rowland and Munro 1993). 3.…”

Section: Volume-based Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can thus only be obtained when the eruption is over (e.g. Barberi et al 1993;Guest et al 1987;Jackson et al 1975;Romano and Sturiale 1982;Rossi 1997;Rowland 1996;Swanson et al 1979;Tanguy et al 1996;Tilling et al 1987). Mean output rate is the ultimate level of temporal smoothing and gives no detail regarding variations in effusion rate during the eruption (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This is typically obtained by measuring the volume emplaced over a known interval, and dividing by the duration to give volume flux over that interval (e.g. Andronico et al 2005;Behncke and Neri 2003;Burton et al 2005;Fink et al 1990;Harris and Neri 2002;Jackson et al 1975;Mazzarini et al 2005;Nakada and Fujii 1993;Nakada et al 1999;Richter et al 1970;Rose 1972;Rossi 1997;Rowland 1996;Rowland et al 1999;Sparks et al 1998;Swanson and Holcomb 1990;Tilling et al 1987;Wolfe et al 1988;Zebker et al 1996). For example, a daily discharge rate at a lava flow or dome may be obtained by dividing volume emplaced that day by 24 h (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review

2007

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Measurement of effusion rate is a primary objective for studies that model lava flow and magma system dynamics, as well as for monitoring efforts during on-going eruptions. However, its exact definition remains a source of confusion, and problems occur when comparing volume flux values that are averaged over different time periods or spatial scales, or measured using different approaches. Thus our aims are to: (1) define effusion rate terminology; and (2) assess the various measurement methods and their results. We first distinguish between instantaneous effusion rate, and time-averaged discharge rate. Eruption rate is next defined as the total volume of lava emplaced since the beginning of the eruption divided by the time since the eruption began. The ultimate extension of this is mean output rate, this being the final volume of erupted lava divided by total eruption duration. Whether these values are total values, i.e. the flux feeding all flow units across the entire flow field, or local, i.e. the flux feeding a single active unit within a flow field across which many units are active, also needs to be specified. No approach is without its problems, and all can have large error (up to ∼50%). However, good agreement between diverse approaches shows that reliable estimates can be made if each approach is applied carefully and takes into account the caveats we detail here. There are three important factors to consider and state when measuring, giving or using an effusion rate. First, the time-period over which the value was averaged; second, whether the measurement applies to the entire active flow field, or a single lava flow within that field; and third, the measurement technique and its accompanying assumptions.

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“…2. Use of volumes erupted into, and thereby contained within, pit craters of known volume (Jackson et al 1975;Richter et al 1970;Rowland and Munro 1993). 3.…”

Section: Volume-based Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review

2007

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“…These were followed by eruptions from the middle (Napau Crater to Heiheiahulu) and lower parts of the rift zone in January-February 1960and September 1961(Richter and others, 1964, 1970. Further eruptions from the upper (Kilauea caldera to Napau) and middle parts of the rift zone occurred in December 1962, August 1963, March and December 1965, August and October 1968, and February 1969(Moore and Krivoy, 1964Peck and others, 1966;Fiske and Koyanagi, 1968;Wright and others, 1968;Moore and Koyanagi, 1969;Jackson and others, 1975;Swanson and others, 1976). In a first phase of this sequence , eruptions occurred at points widely distributed along the rift zone, interspersed with eruptions at the summit; as the activity continued, however, it became concentrated primarily along an upper segment of the rift zone between Hiiaka and Napau pit craters.…”

Section: Illmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: chronology and morphology of the surficial lava flows

Holcomb¹

1981

Open-File Report

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“…This bench is plastered to the lower section of the sag face. This feature is similar to the lava plaster (comprising broken slabs of paheohoe) that became stranded on the sloping walls of Napau crater (Kilauea) following drain back of the fluid core of the 1968 lava that had become entrapped in Napau's pit (Jackson et al 1975). …”

Section: Nindiri Lava Lakes: the Santiago Sectionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The pit-craters and pit-crater-filling lavas of Masaya volcano

Harris

2008

Bull Volcanol

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Lava flowing into a pit crater will become entrapped to form an inactive lava lake. At Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) pit filling lavas are exposed in the walls of Nindiri, Santiago and San Pedro pits. Mapping of these lavas shows that fill can involve emplacement of both 'a'a and pahoehoe, with single fill units ranging in thickness from 2 to 22 m. Thick units with columnar joints were emplaced as simple inactive lava lakes during high effusion rate episodes. Sequences of thinner units, which can form pit floor shields or compound lakes, were emplaced at lower effusion rates. Lava withdrawal caused unsupported sections of three 20-m-thick units to subside, resulting in unit flexure and faulting, and viscous peeling features reveal that subsidence occurred while at least one unit was still partially molten. Where withdrawal has not occurred, fill sequences are flat lying and symmetrically distributed around the feeder structures (cinder cones and dykes). The filled Nindiri pit holds 5×10 7 m 3 of lava in a 215-m-thick sequence. Partial fill of Santiago pit with 1×10 7 m 3 of lava has filled the pit with a 110-m-thick lava sequence, of which ∼50% has been consumed by formation of a secondary pit. Altogether, 6.4×10 7 m 3 of lava was erupted into Nindiri and Santiago during 1525-1965, with 94% of this volume remaining pit-contained; the remainder forms a north flank lava flow field. Pit development and filling is a dynamic and ephemeral process, having short-lived effects on volcano morphology, where pits develop and fill over hours-to-centuries. However, pits play an important role in shaping an edifice, representing lava sinks and controlling whether lavas are trapped or able to spread onto the flanks.

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The August and October 1968 east rift eruptions of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

Cited by 46 publications

References 14 publications

Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review

Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review

Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: chronology and morphology of the surficial lava flows

The pit-craters and pit-crater-filling lavas of Masaya volcano

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