The Attentional Demand of Automobile Driving                     Revisited

Kujala, Tuomo; Mäkelä, Jarmo; Kotilainen, Ilkka; Tokkonen, Timo

doi:10.1177/0018720815595901

Cited by 38 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, once a speed is chosen the targets emerge at a given pace and obsolescence rate (cf. Senders et al, 1967; Kujala et al, 2015). This places a high importance on the accurate timing of fixations and saccades.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Observation of an Expert Driver's Gaze Strategy—An On-Road Case Study

2017

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In this paper we present and qualitatively analyze an expert driver's gaze behavior in natural driving on a real road, with no specific experimental task or instruction. Previous eye tracking research on naturalistic tasks has revealed recurring patterns of gaze behavior that are surprisingly regular and repeatable. Lappi (2016) identified in the literature seven “qualitative laws of gaze behavior in the wild”: recurring patterns that tend to go together, the more so the more naturalistic the setting, all of them expected in extended sequences of fully naturalistic behavior. However, no study to date has observed all in a single experiment. Here, we wanted to do just that: present observations supporting all the “laws” in a single behavioral sequence by a single subject. We discuss the laws in terms of unresolved issues in driver modeling and open challenges for experimental and theoretical development.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Observation of an Expert Driver's Gaze Strategy—An On-Road Case Study

2017

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“…The testing method is based on an experiment where 97 drivers' occlusion distances on simulated highway and suburban roads were measured [18]. These occlusion distances were mapped on the test routes and used during the distraction testing: the highway routes for participant sample validation and the suburban roads for the actual distraction testing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, an in-vehicle glance distance refers to a distance in meters that is driven during the in-vehicle glance. These in-vehicle glances can be categorized as green or red glances based on the original 97 drivers' occlusion data [18].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To pass the verification criterion, the task should have 68 % or more of green glances. The verification criterion is based on the median percentage of the occlusion distances of the 97 drivers in the study of Kujala, Mäkelä, Kotilainen and Tokkonen [18].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the task's red glances exceed 6 %, the task fails the verification criterion. The verification criterion is based on the 85th percentile of the occlusion distances of the 97driver sample in the study of Kujala et al [18].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Visual Distraction Effects between In-Vehicle Tasks with a Smartphone and a Motorcycle Helmet-Mounted Head-Up Display

Grahn

Kujala

2018

Proceedings of the 22nd International Academic Mindtrek Conference

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Besides motorists, also motorcyclists need safer user interfaces to interact with useful applications on the road. In this paper, distraction effects of in-vehicle tasks conducted with a head-up display (HUD) for motorcyclists were compared to smartphone tasks with 24 participants in a driving simulator. Compared to the smartphone tasks, the head-up display tasks decreased the percentage of inappropriately long glances by 45 percent. The head-up display tasks were also experienced as less demanding than the smartphone tasks. Additionally, the use of head-up display for navigation did not lead to gaze concentration effects compared to baseline driving. The head-up display is concluded to be a safer option for the tested tasks for motorcyclists than a smartphone. Based on earlier research, we assume that the use of peripheral vision allowed drivers to better maintain situational awareness during the head-up display tasks compared to the head-down smartphone tasks. In addition, the easy-to-learn haptic design of the head-up display handlebar controller could be used without vision. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing~User studies • Human-centered computing~Laboratory experiments • Human-centered computing~Touch screens • Human-centered computing~Haptic devices • Human-centered computing~Empirical studies in HCI

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Naturalistic study on the usage of smartphone applications among Finnish drivers

Kujala

Mäkelä

2018

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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We present results from a naturalistic study that tracked how Finnish drivers use their smartphones while on the move. We monitored 30 heavy in-car smartphone users in Finland during June-September 2016, recording the times that they used their phones, the application used at the time of touch (calls excluded), the location and driving speed. Touches per time unit were used as a proxy for estimating visual-manual distraction due to visual-manual tasks. Our data set allows the determining of whether drivers use their phones differently on varying road types (highway, main road, local rural road, urban road). We found that the road type has an effect on phone use but the effect is contrary to what we expected. Drivers produced more touches per hour on urban roads, yet the use instances tend to be shorter than on the highway or main roads. We also collected statistics on the applications that were used. By far the highest overall rankings in the number of drivers using, number of uses, and duration per use instance was associated with the WhatsApp messaging service. One instance of WhatsApp use had a median of 8 touches, and had a median duration of 35 s. In contrast, navigation application use included a median of 3 touches and lasted for 11 s. The findings suggest that the Finnish smartphone heavy-users do not decrease their phone use when the demands of the traffic conditions increase and that the greatest risk from smartphone use may be currently caused by messaging applications.

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The Attentional Demand of Automobile Driving Revisited

Cited by 38 publications

References 22 publications

Systematic Observation of an Expert Driver's Gaze Strategy—An On-Road Case Study

Systematic Observation of an Expert Driver's Gaze Strategy—An On-Road Case Study

Visual Distraction Effects between In-Vehicle Tasks with a Smartphone and a Motorcycle Helmet-Mounted Head-Up Display

Naturalistic study on the usage of smartphone applications among Finnish drivers

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