The Association of Smoking and Alcohol Use With Age-related Macular Degeneration in the Oldest Old: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures

Abstract

Purpose To estimate the incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the association of smoking and alcohol in a population of older women. Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Subjects were women who attended the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures year 10 and year 15 follow-up clinic visits and had fundus photographs taken at both visits (n=1958; 245 Blacks and 1713 Whites. Mean age at year 10 visit=78.2 years). Forty-five degree stereoscopic fundus photographs were graded for AMD. Logistic regression was used to test whether risk factors were associated with incident AMD. Results The overall 5-year AMD inci dence was 24.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21.7–26.6) for early and 5.7% (95% CI: 4.6–6.8) for late. Early AMD incidence in Whites ranged from 21.9% in those 74–79 years to 33.2% in those 80–84 years, but was observed at the slightly lower rate of 29.0% in subjects ≥85 years (trend p<0.0001). After confounder adjustment, alcohol consumption was significantly associated with an elevated risk of incident early AMD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.18–2.11). There was an increased risk of early AMD among subjects aged 80 years or older who were smoking compared to those younger than 80 years who were not smoking (OR=5.49; 95% CI: 1.57–19.20; p for interaction=0.026). Conclusions The magnitude of the greater-than-additive effect of smoking on the age-adjusted risk of AMD reinforces recommendations to quit smoking even for older individuals.

Impact of Age-Related Macular Degeneration on Vision-Specific Quality of Life: Follow-up from the 10-Year and 15-Year Visits of The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures

“…Details of the design and methods of the IAMD sub-study29 and the SOF30 appear elsewhere. Only the major features of the IAMD and SOF studies relevant to the participant status at the time of the 10-year follow-up clinic visit are presented here.…”

“…The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of AMD on vision-specific QOL based on data obtained from the 10-year and 15-year follow-up clinic visits of the previously described incidence of AMD (IAMD) sub-study of the longitudinal Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) 29. Given that the SOF is a large, population-based study with multiple objectives, the recently validated NEI-VFQ-9 was chosen as a convenient instrument for assessment of vision-specific QOL.…”

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011

“…[3][4][5][6][7] While age and smoking have consistently been found to be risk factors for AMD, other risk factors, for example, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, have been identified with inconsistent results. 8,9 A possible reason for such inconsistencies may reside in insufficient numbers of study participants.…”

Bone turnover in passive smoking female rat: relationships to change in bone mineral density

“…Many studies found that smoking was a risk factor for osteoporosis[2-10]. Meta-analyses of the effects of smoking on bone status have demonstrated decreased bone mass in current smokers compared to non-smokers, although data for men was limited[11,12].…”