The Association of Self-Esteem with the Level of Independent Functioning and the Primary Demographic Factors in Persons over 60 Years of Age

Abstract

Self-esteem reflects the way we see ourselves. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship among self-esteem, bio-psycho-social functioning, and sociodemographic conditions in the elderly. The study included 300 individuals over 60 years of age living in their home environment. The employed research tools included the Abbreviated Mental Test Score, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and EASYCare Standard 2010 questionnaire involving the following scales: independence score, risk of breakdown in care, and risk of falls. Results: The average score achieved by the study group according to the RSES scale was 29.9 ± 5.6 points. In addition, the study group presented a low risk of independence loss (independence score 13.3 ± 18.1), risk of breakdown in care (4.4 ± 2.4), and risk of falls (1.8 ± 1.6). The conducted multivariate analysis demonstrated that a significant (p < 0.05) negative predictor of low self-esteem was education below the secondary level, a poor financial condition, and functional limitations in domain I (seeing, hearing, and communicating skills) of the EASYCare Standard 2010 questionnaire. A relationship was found between self-esteem and the level of bio-psycho-social functioning, as well as between education and the financial situation. The results demonstrate that even successfully ageing individuals require a regular assessment of their functional status and individually adapted support in order to maintain independence and to increase their self-esteem.

Change Over Time in the Structural Equation Model of Factors Related to Depression in Stroke Survivors Living at Home Since Discharge from the Acute Phase

“…Actually, prior researchers have described that providing support for people to engage in social interaction is a form of depression prevention [48]. Other scholars further demonstrated that limited communication leads stroke survivors to experience a reduced selfesteem [49], and limited activities could cause QOL reductions among stroke patients [50,51]. Together, the findings of this study and past research suggest that it could be necessary to consider approaches to improving the motor and interaction functions of stroke survivors as of 12 months after discharge.…”

Global Self-Esteem, Physical Activity, and Body Composition Changes Following a 12-Week Dietary and Physical Activity Intervention in Older Women

“…Currently, the study attempts to assess the effect of regular physical activity on the level of GSE and life satisfaction in different age groups and populations [ 26 ]. Many previous studies have shown that an increase in physical activity has a positive effect on self-esteem, while a sedentary lifestyle is associated with a decrease in physical activity [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. A study by Masana et al [ 31 ] has shown that older people with low self-esteem or anxiety disorders are considerably more likely to lead an unhealthy lifestyle, which is characterized by low levels of physical activity or the use of stimulants such as smoking.…”

“…When a diet was introduced, the level of global self-assessment changed from medium to high. The obtained results suggest that the key role in the change in GSE may be played by the change in body weight and the level of adipose tissue associated with the change in figure [ 30 ]. Body image and self-esteem have already been empirically linked; however, the relationship between them in older people requires further research.…”

Robots for Elderly Care: Review, Multi-Criteria Optimization Model and Qualitative Case Study

“…The collection of potential end-users' opinions about older persons' robot-related needs and requirements was part of the project. We previously presented the findings of quantitative experiments that used the Users' Needs, Requirements, and Abilities Questionnaire (UNRAQ)-a mixedmethodology tool developed as a component of the research project [82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94].…”