The Association of Restrained Eating and Overeating during COVID-19: A Cross-Lagged Model

Abstract

Widespread overeating has been found during the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The present study investigated whether pre-pandemic restrained eating (RE) predicted overeating during the pandemic, and further explored the behavioral (mortality threat, negative affect) mechanisms underlying this association. An eight-month longitudinal survey was conducted with a large sample of 616 undergraduates from Southwest university. From September 2019 to April 2020, three measurements were conducted. RE was tested before the pandemic (T1), and data of mortality threat, negative affect, and overeating were collected at the middle (T2) and end of (T3) the COVID-19 crisis in China. The correlation results showed that baseline RE was positively associated with mortality threat, negative affect, and overeating at T2 and T3. Moreover, negative affect and mortality threat were positively correlated with overeating. Results from longitudinal mediation showed that baseline RE would positively predict T3 overeating through T2 negative affect, but not T2 mortality threat. This study supports and extends the counterregulatory eating hypothesis that RE positively predicts future overeating, especially through negative emotions. These findings further reveal the core psychological mechanism underlying this positive RE-overeating relation in the context of COVID-19, indicating that the individuals with higher RE could not cope with negative affect adequately, contributing to more overeating.

Relationship between Mental Health and Emotional Eating during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

“…However, frequent use of food for emotion regulation may cause it to become the dominant mechanism and contribute to the development of eating disorders [ 49 ]. It should also be noted that an eight-month longitudinal survey including 616 undergraduates from a Chinese university performed from September 2019 to April 2020 used three measurements showing that people with higher restrained eating before pandemic may not cope with negative affect adequately, contributing to more overeating [ 50 ]. The association between emotional eating and psychological distress and emotional dysregulation has also been described during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in young Italian adults, especially in women [ 51 ].…”

Clinical Considerations of Ultra-processed Food Addiction Across Weight Classes: an Eating Disorder Treatment and Care Perspective

“…Food cravings have been linked to dieting [ 65 ], and efforts to restrain eating predicted future overeating during COVID-19 through negative emotions [ 66 ]. Data on twins has shown that frequent attempts to lose weight reflect future susceptibility to weight gain [ 67 ], but the precise mechanisms remain unclear.…”