The association between typhoid carriage, typhoid infection and subsequent cancer at a number of sites

Caygill, C. P. J.; Braddick, M; Hill, Michael J.; Knowles, Rachel L; Sharp, J. C. M.

doi:10.1097/00008469-199504000-00010

Cited by 52 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, among patients with gallstones, the chronic typhoid carrier state was shown to be the only independent risk factor for the development of gallbladder carcinoma [5]. Finally, studies demonstrated that typhoid carriage was not only associated with an increased risk of gallbladder cancer but also with malignancy in the pancreas, lung and colorectum [8,12].…”

Section: Salmonella Typhi and Cancer Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chronic carriers of this pathogen have an approximately eightfold excess risk of developing gallbladder carcinoma than non-carriers and an approximately 200-fold excess risk of developing hepatobiliary carcinoma, compared with people who have had acute typhoid and have cleared the infection [8,9]. Robbins et al described the first documented case of a chronic carrier of S. Typhi who subsequently developed cholangiocarcinoma [10].…”

Section: Salmonella Typhi and Cancer Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that these microorganisms may be responsible for [8][9] Low [8,12] Chlamydia species 1.Chlamydia pneumoniae 2. Chlamydia trachomatis 3.…”

Section: Chlamydia Species and Cancer Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer: a review

Samaras

Rafailidis

Mourtzoukou

et al. 2010

J Infect Dev Ctries

111

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Background: A relatively underestimated facet of infectious diseases is the association of chronic bacterial and parasitic infections with cancer development. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the evidence regarding the association of such infections with the development of malignancy, excluding the overwhelming evidence of the association of Helicobacter pylori and cancer. Methodology: We searched Pubmed, Cochrane, and Scopus without time limits for relevant articles. Results: There is evidence that some bacterial and parasitic infections are associated with cancer development. The level of evidence of this association varies from high to low; in any case, a long time interval is mandatory for the development of cancer. A high level of evidence exists for the association of Salmonella Typhi with gallbladder and hepatobiliary carcinoma; Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis with cholangiocarcinoma; Schistosoma hematobium with bladder cancer; chronic osteomyelitis with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin; and hidradenitis suppurativa with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. In contrast, the level of evidence regarding the association of Chlamydia spp. with cancer is low. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with lung cancer, albeit probably not etiopathogenetically. Conclusions: A considerable number of bacterial infections and parasitic infections are associated with the development of cancer. Further research into recognizing additional associations of bacterial and parasitic infections with cancer is mandatory.

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Section: Salmonella Typhi and Cancer Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Salmonella Typhi and Cancer Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer: a review

Samaras

Rafailidis

Mourtzoukou

et al. 2010

J Infect Dev Ctries

111

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“…An estimated 5% of typhoid patients continue to excrete S. Typhi for many years due to chronic infection of the gall bladder (Parry et al 2002). Such typhoid carriers not only pose a significant health risk to others, but have a higher risk of developing cancers of the gall bladder, pancreas, and large bowel (Caygill et al 1995;Dutta et al 2000;Shukla et al 2000). Carriers also provide a reservoir for S. Typhi, contributing significantly to the persistence of typhoid in endemic regions (Roumagnac et al 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

Simultaneous assay of every Salmonella Typhi gene using one million transposon mutants

Langridge¹,

Phan²,

Turner³

et al. 2009

Genome Res.

582

710

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Very high-throughput sequencing technologies need to be matched by high-throughput functional studies if we are to make full use of the current explosion in genome sequences. We have generated a very large bacterial mutant pool, consisting of an estimated 1.1 million transposon mutants and we have used genomic DNA from this mutant pool, and Illumina nucleotide sequencing to prime from the transposon and sequence into the adjacent target DNA. With this method, which we have called TraDIS (transposon directed insertion-site sequencing), we have been able to map 370,000 unique transposon insertion sites to the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi chromosome. The unprecedented density and resolution of mapped insertion sites, an average of one every 13 base pairs, has allowed us to assay simultaneously every gene in the genome for essentiality and generate a genome-wide list of candidate essential genes. In addition, the semiquantitative nature of the assay allowed us to identify genes that are advantageous and those that are disadvantageous for growth under standard laboratory conditions. Comparison of the mutant pool following growth in the presence or absence of ox bile enabled every gene to be assayed for its contribution toward bile tolerance, a trait required of any enteric bacterium and for carriage of S. Typhi in the gall bladder. This screen validated our hypothesis that we can simultaneously assay every gene in the genome to identify niche-specific essential genes.

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“…Although chronic carriage of Salmonella is recognized as a significant complication that facilitates spread of the disease (2) and predisposes victims to additional clinical conditions (12,13) the mechanism underlying persistency has remained poorly understood. We discovered the link between polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) and chronic infection while characterizing a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium that was defective in its expression of virulence-associated AgfA fimbriae and known to establish persistent infection in BALB͞c mice (14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Polynucleotide phosphorylase is a global regulator of virulence and persistency in Salmonella enterica

Clements

Eriksson

Thompson

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

154

133

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For many pathogens, the ability to regulate their replication in host cells is a key element in establishing persistency. Here, we identified a single point mutation in the gene for polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) as a factor affecting bacterial invasion and intracellular replication, and which determines the alternation between acute or persistent infection in a mouse model for Salmonella enterica infection. In parallel, with microarray analysis, PNPase was found to affect the mRNA levels of a subset of virulence genes, in particular those contained in Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2. The results demonstrate a connection between PNPase and Salmonella virulence and show that alterations in PNPase activity could represent a strategy for the establishment of persistency.T he species Salmonella enterica is a classic example of the facultative intracellular pathogen that can cause acute and persistent infections (1-4). Typhoid fever is a serious manifestation of systemic salmonellosis in humans and involves an estimated 16.6 million new cases per year (2) with between 2% and 5% of the cases developing into the carrier state (3, 4).Much of the knowledge of salmonellosis pathogenesis comes from work on the murine salmonellosis model (1, 5), and this model has been used to define bacterial virulence factors (1, 6, 7). An important virulence trait of Salmonella is its ability to invade and grow within host cells, and many of the genetic determinants essential for these processes have been well characterized (8-11). Invasion of epithelial cells requires the expression of a type III secretion apparatus, which translocates effector proteins from the bacterium to the host cell, inducing the cell to internalize the bacteria by bacterial-mediated endocytosis (8,11). Proteins involved in this process are encoded by a large cluster of genes collectively termed Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI 1). The ability to grow intracellularly, once internalized within the host cell, requires the coordinate expression of additional sets of virulence factors (6), such as SPI 2 (1, 10).Although chronic carriage of Salmonella is recognized as a significant complication that facilitates spread of the disease (2) and predisposes victims to additional clinical conditions (12, 13) the mechanism underlying persistency has remained poorly understood. We discovered the link between polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) and chronic infection while characterizing a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium that was defective in its expression of virulence-associated AgfA fimbriae and known to establish persistent infection in BALB͞c mice (14). Materials and Methods Mapping and Sequencing of MC2 Mutation.A random Tn10camd insertion library from S. typhimurium 14028 (22) was transduced into MC1 by P22 transduction selecting for chloramphenicolresistant colonies. Transductants were pooled and used to propagate phage KB1, which was then used to transduce MC2. Chloramphenicol-resistant colonies were screened for agf expression on Congo red pla...

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The association between typhoid carriage, typhoid infection and subsequent cancer at a number of sites

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer: a review

Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer: a review

Simultaneous assay of every Salmonella Typhi gene using one million transposon mutants

Polynucleotide phosphorylase is a global regulator of virulence and persistency in Salmonella enterica

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