The association between sleep deprivation and arterial pressure variations: a systematic literature review

Abstract

Objectives Arterial hypertension is a cardiovascular disease defined as a sustained high blood pressure, constituting an important risk factor for the development of heart diseases, such as coronary heart disease and heart failure. At the same time, pathophysiological pathways underlying sleeping deprivation provides biological plausibility for a causation connection between sleep deprivation and acute or chronic blood pressure elevation, such as the mechanism behind blood pressure dipping at night, which strongly relies on reduced sympathetic activity provided by sleep, besides empirical and clinical evidence suggesting that sleep disorders incidence is correlate with posterior development of arterial hypertension. The aim of this study was to systematically review published studies analyzing the possible relationship between sleep deprivation and variations in blood pressure during nighttime and daytime. Methods The research was carried out in the second semester of 2020 following the PRISMA model and using the LILACS, MEDLINE and COCHRANE (CENTRAL) databases. The keywords used were associated using the Boolean method. Only trials and studies in humans unrelated to sleep apnea were included, in an attempt to answer the question proposed. Duplications and articles outside the topic were excluded. Results After the selection processes, fourteen studies were left, which were classified, depending on the findings, in four categories: 1) blood pressure differences only in sleep deprivation's night; 2) blood pressure differences only in the following day after sleep deprivation's night; 3) blood pressure differences in both nights and 4) those that found no blood pressure differences. Conclusion It was found an increase in blood pressure on the night of sleep deprivation, suggesting a possible causality with an acute increase in blood pressure depending on the population studied. In general, sleep deprivation is acutely associated with blood pressure elevation or acute elevation of markers that suggest the role of compensatory mechanisms, such as increased natriuresis and increased parasympathetic activity.

Levels of Cortisol and Inflammatory Cytokines after The Induction of Various Sleep Deprivation Stress Models in Male Wistar Rats

“…To date, studies concerning sleep deprivation and inflammatory cytokines remain elusive. Sleep deprivation indeed increases the main stress hormone, cortisol, which plays a role in various disease development, such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease (Sá Gomes e Farias et al, 2022). On the other hand, some studies indicated that people with sleep disorders showed an alteration in circulating levels of TNF-α and IL-6.…”

The Impact of Sleep Disturbance on Gut Microbiota, Atrial Substrate, and Atrial Fibrillation Inducibility in Mice: A Multi-Omics Analysis

“…AF, as the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice, has been associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden [33]. Recent studies suggested the importance of sleep disturbance in regulating the process of risk factors for AF development, including hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, and obesity [4][5][6]33], all of which correspond to GM dysbiosis [34]. Meanwhile, the direct interaction between disordered GM and AF has been confirmed [17].…”

“…Sleep disturbance may lead to learning disabilities in children, memory impairment in people of all ages, and personality changes and depression [1][2][3]. It may also increase the risk of multiple diseases, including damage to the cardiovascular system [4][5][6]. Moreover, a recent cohort study revealed that night shift work is associated with the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) [7].…”

Detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on the regulatory mechanisms of postural balance: a comprehensive review

“…Hence, this intensification would at least partially compensate for the disturbance of postural balance resulting from the lack of sleep. However, Sá Gomes e Farias et al (2022) observed that sleep deprivation was associated with an increase in muscle sympathetic nervous activity. Due to its excitatory effects, cardiac, vascular, and respiratory muscles are more strongly activated, i.e., modulation of peripheral vascular resistance, venous return, heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output as well as respiratory variables ( Sá Gomes e Farias et al, 2022 ).…”

“…However, Sá Gomes e Farias et al (2022) observed that sleep deprivation was associated with an increase in muscle sympathetic nervous activity. Due to its excitatory effects, cardiac, vascular, and respiratory muscles are more strongly activated, i.e., modulation of peripheral vascular resistance, venous return, heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output as well as respiratory variables ( Sá Gomes e Farias et al, 2022 ). All these factors amplify the internal reaction forces that constitute internal mechanical stimuli and contribute to small continuous segmental displacements and thus disturb postural balance ( Conforto et al, 2011 ).…”