Sleep deprivation (SD) can modulate the production of various cytokines, including pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. Paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) increases the risk of inflammation but can be relieved by sleep recovery (SR). This study aimed to determine the differences in levels of cortisol and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, dan IFN-γ) in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) after induction of various sleep deprivation stress models. Twenty-five of male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, PSD (20 hours of SD/day for five days), Total Sleep Deprivation or TSD (24 hours of SD/day for five days), PSD+SR (PSD followed by SR), and TSD+SR (TSD followed by SR). The plasma cortisol levels were measured with ELISA, and inflammatory cytokine levels were measured with immunoassay and calculated with fold change. Mean cortisol levels were significantly increased in treatment groups compared to the control group (p=0.029). Multivariate analysis showed no statistically significant difference in inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-6 (p=0.658), IL-10 (p=0.065), TNF-α (p=0.399), and IFN-γ (p=0.283) in all groups. In conclusion, various sleep deprivation stress models affect cortisol levels but not inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ among male Wistar rats.
Sleep deprivation-induced stress decreases the quality of spermatozoa due to the increase of glucocorticoid levels through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Sleep recovery (SR) restores the effect of stress due to sleep deprivation by decreasing lipid peroxides and other free radicals and increasing glutathione antioxidants. This study aims to determine the spermatozoa quality in male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) after the stress induction by diverse sleep deprivation protocols. This study is experimental research with posttest-only control group design in 30 male albino rats divided into five groups consisting of group I for negative control (no induction of sleep deprivation), group II for paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD), group III for total sleep deprivation (TSD), group IV for PSD followed by SR, and group V for TSD followed by SR. PSD and TSD were performed by depriving rats sleep for 20 and 24 hours/day, respectively, for five days. SR was done for the next five days after PSD or TSD. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for normality of data distribution, and Levene's test was used for variance homogeneity. Comparative hypothesis was then analyzed with One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test, and significance between groups was analyzed with Tukey's Post-Hoc test. Group III (TSD) demonstrated the lowest mean of spermatozoa count (41,53±2,29), spermatozoa morphology (13,00±2,91), spermatozoa viability (31,00±7,39), and percentage of motility rate (37±8,58%) among all groups. In conclusion, total sleep deprivation (TSD) decreases the quality of spermatozoa in male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus).
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