The Association Between Early Parental Loss and Diagnosis in the Iowa 500

Pfohl, Bruce; Stangl, Dalene; Tsuang, Ming T.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790080047006

Cited by 30 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In our study, however, it is likely that only a minority of the fathers for whom the age effect on schizophrenia risk was strongest (i.e., those aged >44 years at the time of birth) would have developed serious physical illnesses when their offspring were passing through childhood. There is also no solid evidence that loss of a parent during childhood increases the risk for schizophrenia (41).…”

Section: Potential Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paternal Age and Risk of Schizophrenia in Adult Offspring

Brown

Schaefer²,

Wyatt³

et al. 2002

AJP

165

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Objective-The study examined the relation between paternal age at the time of birth and risk of schizophrenia in the adult offspring.Method-Data from the birth cohort of the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia study were used in this study. Virtually all members of this birth cohort had prospective information about paternal age at the time of the offspring's birth. Subjects with schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders (N=71) among members of this birth cohort were previously ascertained. In separate analyses, paternal age was modeled as a continuous variable and as a categorical variable, and its relation with the risk of adult schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders and with the risk of schizophrenia separately were examined.Results-There was a marginally significant, monotonic association between advancing paternal age and risk of adult schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The association held after the analysis controlled for the effects of maternal age and other potential con-founders. Similar results were observed when only subjects with schizophrenia were included in the analysis.Conclusions-Advanced paternal age at the time of birth of the offspring may be a risk factor for adult schizophrenia.We sought to investigate whether older paternal age at the time of birth is associated with schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders among the offspring. Several lines of evidence support a relation between older paternal age and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. First, most previous studies that examined this relationship have demonstrated positive associations (1-5), although these studies have been criticized for methodologic limitations. Most recently, Malaspina et al. (1), in a large Israeli birth cohort, demonstrated a robust and "dose-related" effect of paternal age on risk of schizophrenia and related disorders, a finding that was unaltered after adjusting for maternal age.A second reason for examining paternal age in relation to schizophrenia is that older age of the father at the time of birth has been associated with several congenital disorders (6-10). The etiology of these associations is believed to involve new, autosomal dominant mutations in the male germ cell line. If a disruption of fetal development plays a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, then new mutations secondary to advanced paternal age may operate to increase the risk of this disorder by adversely affecting brain development. In the present investigation, we used data from the birth cohort of the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia study (11) to address the relation of paternal age to schizophrenia. We hypothesized that the risk of schizophrenia would increase with advancing paternal age.The Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia study had several design advantages that permitted us to address significant limitations of previous studies. First, most prior studies relied on exposure data from a variety of sources, some of questionable reliability. In co...

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Section: Potential Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paternal Age and Risk of Schizophrenia in Adult Offspring

Brown

Schaefer²,

Wyatt³

et al. 2002

AJP

165

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although parental loss has been widely studied as a risk factor for depression (e.g., Crook and Eliot, 1980, Harris et al , 1986, Kendler et al , 1992, Kendler et al , 2002), studies of its association with psychotic disorders are fewer. Parental loss has been defined in these studies as parental death (Clarke et al , 2013, Laursen et al , 2007, Mortensen et al , 2003, Tsuchiya et al , 2005), parent-child separation (Anglin et al , 2008, Räikkönen et al , 2011, Walker et al , 1981), or a combination thereof (Agid et al , 1999, Erlenmeyer-Kimling et al , 1991, Furukawa et al , 1998, Furukawa et al , 1999, Mallett et al , 2002, Morgan et al , 2009, Morgan et al , 2007, Pert et al , 2004, Pfohl et al , 1983, Rubino et al , 2009, Stilo et al , 2012). The distinction between parental death and separation is an important one, as the two exposures may reflect distinct experiences that have different implications for mental health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A population-based study of the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associated with parent–child separation during development

et al. 2015

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“…There are a number of community studies regarding risk factors for major depression 11–13 . Depression is thought to be a multifactorial disorder, and prior investigators identified the following putative risk factors: female gender, 11,13 young age, 11,12 lower level of education, 13 separated/widowed/divorced and never married status, 11,13 premature parental loss, 14,15 exposure to pathogenic parental rearing, 16 neurotic personality, 17,18 a previous history of major depression, 19 low social support, 20 recent stressful life events and difficulties, 21–23 and predisposing genetic influences 19 . A large population‐based twin study found that genetic factors affected vulnerability to depression in part by influencing coping behavior and temperament.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of first‐onset major depressive episodes among white‐collar workers

Tokuyama

Nakao

Seto

et al. 2003

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Major depression is a multifactorial disorder. Previous studies have mainly evaluated work stress to determine the risk factors for depression among workers. The present study aimed to determine factors predictive of the first depressive episode 1 year later among white-collar workers, and to examine whether work 'stress' is associated with an elevated risk of depression.A 5 year opencohort study was carried out in a Japanese company. The odds ratios (OR) of the development of depression 1 year later were calculated. Ninety-eight first-onset cases were compared with 1267 never-ill cases. Forward stepwise multiple logistic regression indicated that the first onset of depression was associated with a past history of panic attack (OR: 5.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1. 1.18-1.90) but they did not differ from never-ill cases in subjective job stress. The development of major depression in white-collar workers is associated with multiple factors, as is depression in the community.

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The Association Between Early Parental Loss and Diagnosis in the Iowa 500

Cited by 30 publications

References 14 publications

Paternal Age and Risk of Schizophrenia in Adult Offspring

Paternal Age and Risk of Schizophrenia in Adult Offspring

A population-based study of the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associated with parent–child separation during development

Predictors of first‐onset major depressive episodes among white‐collar workers

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