A population-based study of the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associated with parent–child separation during development

Paksarian, Diana; Eaton, William W.; Mortensen, Preben Bo; Merikangas, Kathleen R.; Pedersen, Carsten Bøcker

doi:10.1017/s0033291715000781

Cited by 78 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(136 reference statements)

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“…That all participants were residing in Denmark/Sweden by their 10th birthday decreases the risk for bias due to selective migration of the individuals themselves. Further, restriction of the cohorts to individuals whose parents were alive and living in Denmark/Sweden eliminates potential bias due to differential rates of parental death in migrants or separation from parents due to parental foreign residence, events that could increase the risk for mental disorders .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of eating disorders in immigrant populations

Mustelin

Hedman

Thornton

et al. 2017

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of eating disorders in immigrant populations

Mustelin

Hedman

Thornton

et al. 2017

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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“…The influence of early life parental separation has also been measured in humans (Paksarian et al, 2015). The number of years of paternal separation was positively associated with both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in the children (Paksarian et al, 2015), highlighting the influence of parental presence on appropriate brain development.…”

Section: Developmental Adversity and Behavioural Outcomes-human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle?

et al. 2017

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“…In the short time since the publication of that review, over twenty additional studies have been published, most of which provide further evidence that childhood adversities are more common among those with psychosis, again across the spectrum. Perhaps most notably, in a prospective study of 1,112 adolescents, Kelleher et al found that cessation of trauma was associated with subsequent cessation of psychotic experiences.…”

Section: Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood adversities and psychosis: evidence, challenges, implications

2016

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There is a substantial body of research reporting evidence of associations between various forms of childhood adversity and psychosis, across the spectrum from experiences to disorder. This has been extended, more recently, to include studies of cumulative effects, of interactions with other factors, of specific effects, and of putative biological and psychological mechanisms. In this paper we evaluate this research and highlight the remaining methodological issues and gaps that temper, but do not dismiss, conclusions about the causal role of childhood adversity. We also consider the emerging work on cumulative, synergistic, and specific effects and on mechanisms; and discuss the broader implications of this line of research for our understanding of psychosis. We conclude that the current balance of evidence is that childhood adversities -particularly exposure to multiple adversities involving hostility and threat -do, in some people, contribute to the onset of psychotic experiences and psychotic disorders. There has been a flurry of research on the relationship between childhood adversity and psychosis over the past ten years. This has extended, more recently, to studies that have sought to elaborate on the nature of the relationship, by examining cumulative effects, interactions with other risk factors (e.g., genes), specificity of effects, and putative mechanisms.For some authors, the accumulated evidence unequivocally establishes that difficult and unpleasant experiences in childhood contribute to the development of psychoses 1 . For others, the evidence is not so clear cut 2 . At issue, in part at least, are fundamental questions about the nature and aetiology of psychosis. Much, then, is at stake and a further appraisal of the evidence is warranted. In this paper, we first summarize and critically evaluate research on the association between childhood adversities and psychosis (including low-level experiences, at risk states, and disorders). In doing this, we focus particularly on remaining methodological issues and gaps in the literature, and on research that has further investigated the nature of the association. We then reflect on the broader implications of this work for our understanding of psychosis. CHILDHOOD ADVERSITYChildhood adversity is a broad term that denotes exposure to a range of difficult or unpleasant situations or experiences, usually before the age of 16. The adversities typically considered in studies of psychoses include household poverty, separation from a parent (i.e., family breakdown), death of a parent, neglect, abuse (including emotional, psychological, physical, and sexual), and peer bullying.Estimates suggest that large numbers of children are exposed to such situations and experiences. In the UK, for example, according to estimates, over 3 million children (28%) live in poverty (defined as less than 60% of the average household income) 3 , over 3 million children (23% of those living in families) live in lone parent households 4 , around 6% of those aged 0-10 years and around...

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A population-based study of the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associated with parent–child separation during development

Abstract: Effects of parental separation may differ by type, developmental timing and family characteristics. These findings highlight the importance of considering such factors in studies of childhood adversity.

Cited by 78 publications

References 76 publications

Risk of eating disorders in immigrant populations

Risk of eating disorders in immigrant populations

Early-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle?

Childhood adversities and psychosis: evidence, challenges, implications

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