The Association Between Diabetic Retinopathy and the Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration—The Kailuan Eye Study

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) and analyze whether DR is a risk factor for AMD. This population-based epidemiological study included 14,440 people from the Kailuan Eye Study in 2016, of whom 1,618 were patients with type 2 DM aged over 50 years, and 409 had DM with DR. We analyzed whether there were differences in the prevalence of AMD between DM with DR and DM without DR, and conducted a hierarchical statistical analysis according to different stages of DR. Using variable regression analysis, we explored whether DR constituted a risk factor for AMD. In the DM population, the prevalence of wet AMD in patients with DM with and without DR was 0. 3 and 0.2%, respectively, with no significant difference (P = 0.607). Meanwhile, the prevalence of dry AMD in patients with DM with and without DR was 20.8 and 16.0%, respectively, with a significant difference. In the subgroup analysis of dry AMD, the prevalence of early, middle, and late dry AMD in DM with DR was 14.4, 5.9, and 0.5%, respectively. In DM without DR, the prevalence of early, middle, and late dry AMD was 10.5, 4.8, and 0.7%, respectively (P = 0.031). In the subgroup analysis of DR staging, statistical analysis could not be performed because of the limited number of patients with PDR. In the variable regression analysis of risk factors for dry AMD, after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, DR constituted the risk factor for dry AMD. In conclusion, DM did not constitute a risk factor for AMD, and the prevalence of wet AMD and dry AMD in patients with DM and DR was higher than that in patients with DM without DR (among which dry AMD was statistically significant). Multivariate regression analysis confirmed that DR is an independent risk factor for dry AMD. Reasonable control of DM and slowing down the occurrence and development of DR may effectively reduce the prevalence of AMD in patients with DM.

Diabetes-Related Risk Factors for Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Nationwide Cohort Study of a Diabetic Population

“…The association between diabetic retinopathy and AMD remains controversial and poorly understood. Some studies suggest that DR increases the prevalence of AMD in patients with diabetes, 6 , 8 , 27 whereas others propose a protective effect. 28 , 29 Diabetic retinopathy and AMD are distinct clinical entities and involve different anatomic structures.…”

Prevalence and associated health and lifestyle factors of myopic maculopathy in northern China: the Kailuan eye study

“…Blood pressure was assessed with the participants sitting for at least 5 min. Blood samples were collected under fasting conditions to determine the blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TC), and total cholesterol (TG) concentrations [ 20 ].…”

“…The diagnostic criteria for hyperlipidemia included hypercholesterolemia (TG ≥ 6.2 mmol /L), hypertriglyceridemia (TC ≥ 2.3 mmol/L), mixed hyperlipidemia (TG ≥ 6.2 mmol /L and TC ≥ 2.3 mmol/L), and low HDL-C levels (< 1.0 mmol/L). The definitions above have been described in detail in previous literature [ 20 ].…”

Prevalence and associated health and lifestyle factors of myopic maculopathy in northern china: the Kailuan Eye Study

“…Blood samples were collected under fasting conditions to determine the blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TC), and total cholesterol (TG) concentrations. [20] For all participants, an interview was performed with standardized questions about known major systemic diseases and lifestyle parameters. Systemic diseases included hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia.…”

“…The de nitions above have been described in detail in previous literature. [20] De nitions and MM grading High myopia was de ned as AL equal to or more than 26.5mm [12,[21][22][23] in this study. MM was graded among myopic participants using the International Photographic Classi cation and Grading System for MM.…”