The association between circulating angiotensin-converting enzyme and cardiovascular risk in the elderly: a cross-sectional study

Ljungberg, Liza U.; Alehagen, Urban; Länne, Toste; Björck, Hanna M.; Basso, Rachel De; Dahlström, Ulf; Persson, Karin

doi:10.1177/1470320310391326

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Our analysis showed that both in cases and controls, ACE activities were highest in II carriers, then in DD carriers, and lowest in ID carriers. This result was consistent with part of Ljungberg’s [26] report that several individuals within the II group had considerably higher plasma ACE level than most DD carriers, but not in concordance with the great majority of the researches for most of them reported that ACE activities were significantly higher in patients with DD genotype versus the two other groups ID and II, and ID genotype usually showed intermediate levels and II genotype lowest levels [7-10]. Though ACE activities appeared to be affected by the I/D polymorphism, the I/D polymorphism was reported to be accounted for 47% of the total phenotypic variance of ACE activity, indicating that the ACE gene locus might be the major locus that determined ACE activity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Associations of ACE Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism, ACE Activity, and ACE mRNA Expression with Hypertension in a Chinese Population

Fan

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundThe present study was designed to explore the association of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D, rs4646994) polymorphism, plasma ACE activity, and circulating ACE mRNA expression with essential hypertension (EH) in a Chinese population. In addition, a new detection method for circulating ACE mRNA expression was explored.MethodsThe research was approved by the ethics committee of Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Written informed consent was obtained prior to the investigation. 221 hypertensives (cases) and 221 normotensives (controls) were interviewed, subjected to a physical examination, and provided blood for biochemical and genetic tests. The ACE mRNA expression was analyzed by real time fluorescent quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (FQ-RT-PCR). We performed logistic regression to assess associations of ACE I/D genotypes, ACE activity, and ACE mRNA expression levels with hypertension.ResultsThe results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the additive model (ID, DD versus II) of the ACE genotype revealed an association with hypertension with adjusted OR of 1.43(95% CI: 1.04-1.97), and ACE ID genotype with adjusted OR of 1.72(95% CI: 1.01-2.92), DD genotype with adjusted OR of 1.94(95% CI: 1.01-3.73), respectively. In addition, our data also indicate that plasma ACE activity (adjusted OR was 1.13(95% CI: 1.08-1.18)) was significantly related to hypertension. However, the plasma ACE mRNA expressions were not different between the cases and controls.ConclusionACE I/D polymorphism and ACE activity revealed significant influence on hypertension, while circulating ACE mRNA expression was not important factors associated with hypertension in this Chinese population. The detection of circulating ACE mRNA expression by FQ-RT-PCR might be a useful method for early screening and monitoring of EH.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Associations of ACE Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism, ACE Activity, and ACE mRNA Expression with Hypertension in a Chinese Population

Fan

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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“…The strong gene‐diet interaction we have identified may help to explain inconsistent results in the relationship between ACE levels or ACE genotype associations and blood pressure and CVD . The assumption that ACE levels are associated with blood pressure is due to the facts that ACE catalyzes the production of angiotensin II and ACE inhibitors effectively reduce blood pressure; however, this is not consistently supported by all studies . A stratification of total and saturated fat intake by ACE genotype would be expected to improve the risk estimates obtained in these studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Despite huge interindividual variability in circulating ACE levels depending on the ACE genotype, circulating levels are reported to be stable within given individuals . However, ACE circulating concentrations or activity levels, which are highly correlated, were shown to be increased in obesity and decreased by weight loss . In addition to its predominant expression in pulmonary endothelium as a primary source of circulating levels, ACE is also expressed in adipose tissue with increased expression in response to overfeeding …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Saturated‐Fat Diet Increases Circulating Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme, Which Is Enhanced by the rs4343 Polymorphism Defining Persons at Risk of Nutrient‐Dependent Increases of Blood Pressure

Schüler

Osterhoff

Frahnow

et al. 2017

JAHA

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BackgroundAngiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) plays a major role in blood pressure regulation and cardiovascular homeostasis. Contrary to the assumption that ACE levels are stable, circulating ACE has been shown to be altered in obesity and weight loss. We sought to examine effects of a high‐saturated‐fat (HF) diet on ACE within the NUtriGenomic Analysis in Twins (NUGAT) study.Methods and ResultsForty‐six healthy and nonobese twin pairs initially consumed a carbohydrate‐rich, low‐fat diet over a period of 6 weeks to standardize for nutritional behavior prior to the study, followed by 6 weeks of HF diet under isocaloric conditions. After 6 weeks of HF diet, circulating ACE concentrations increased by 15% (P=1.6×10−30), accompanied by an increased ACE gene expression in adipose tissue (P=3.8×10−6). Stratification by ACE rs4343, a proxy for the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism (I/D), revealed that homozygous carriers (GG) of the variant had higher baseline ACE concentrations (P=7.5×10−8) and additionally showed a 2‐fold increase in ACE concentrations in response to the HF diet as compared to non‐ or heterozygous carriers (AA/AG, P=2×10−6). GG carriers also responded with higher systolic blood pressure as compared to AA/AG carriers (P=0.008). The strong gene‐diet interaction was confirmed in a second independent, cross‐sectional cohort, the Metabolic Syndrome Berlin Potsdam (MeSyBePo) study.ConclusionsThe HF‐diet‐induced increase of ACE serum concentrations reveals ACE to be a potential molecular link between dietary fat intake and hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The GG genotype of the ACE rs4343 polymorphism represents a robust nutrigenetic marker for an unfavorable response to high‐saturated‐fat diets.Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01631123.

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“…10 Given its role in BP regulation, it is reasonable to assume that genetic variations in the RAAS influence BP and its response to exercise. Indeed, earlier studies already demonstrated that individuals with the deletion polymorphism (DD) of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene have higher circulating ACE levels compared with individuals with the insertion polymorphism (II), [28][29][30] resulting in a higher BP and an increased risk for hypertension in DD homozygotes. [31][32][33][34] Less is known about the role of the RAAS system and its polymorphisms in BP reduction following a single exercise session.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ACE polymorphisms and the acute response of blood pressure to a walk in medicated hypertensive patients

Goessler

Cornelissen

Oliveira

et al. 2015

J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst

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Hypothesis/Introduction: Polymorphisms of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene can interfere with exercise-induced acute blood pressure (BP) reduction. This cross-over study investigated the acute effect of a single walk on BP and tested whether polymorphisms of the ACE gene might explain the variation in BP responses. Materials and methods: Thirty-four healthy medicated individuals were randomized to one control and one walking session at 60-75% of heart rate reserve. Subjects left the laboratory wearing an ambulatory BP monitor until waking the next morning. Results: Overall, systolic BP was somewhat lower following the walking session (p=.06), which could be attributed to a consistently lower systolic BP for 5 h after exercise (p-interaction<.04) compared with control rest. Similarly, II/ID individuals had a lower systolic BP (p-interaction=.02) and diastolic BP (p-interaction<.01) for 5 h after walking compared with control rest. Among DD individuals, a single walk did not induce a reduction in BP (p-interaction>.05). Conclusions: Our results showed that postexercise hypotension can occur after a walk at moderate intensity in carriers of the I allele; we were not able to demonstrate this in DD individuals. Our results suggest that genetic variation in the ACE gene might affect the BP response to exercise, although more research is needed to confirm these findings.

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The association between circulating angiotensin-converting enzyme and cardiovascular risk in the elderly: a cross-sectional study

Cited by 23 publications

References 38 publications

Associations of ACE Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism, ACE Activity, and ACE mRNA Expression with Hypertension in a Chinese Population

Associations of ACE Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism, ACE Activity, and ACE mRNA Expression with Hypertension in a Chinese Population

High‐Saturated‐Fat Diet Increases Circulating Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme, Which Is Enhanced by the rs4343 Polymorphism Defining Persons at Risk of Nutrient‐Dependent Increases of Blood Pressure

ACE polymorphisms and the acute response of blood pressure to a walk in medicated hypertensive patients

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