The Association between Active and Passive Smoking and Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Adults and Children in the United States: Results from NHANES

Lindsay, Ryan; Shin, Sanghyuk S.; Garfein, Richard S.; Rusch, Melanie; Novotny, Thomas E.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093137

Cited by 32 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…The lack of association between HIV and LTBI may be due poor sensitivity of TST in HIV-infected individuals [48], however we addressed this by decreasing the TST cut-off to 5 mm [49]. In addition, some other risk factors such as smoking and exposure to household secondary smoking [50, 51] were not associated with LTBI prevalence in our study. The smoking and exposure to secondary smoking have been found to be associated with increased odds of LTBI in low incidence settings [52, 53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study

Ncayiyana

Bassett²,

West³

et al. 2016

BMC Infect Dis

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BackgroundSouth Africa has one of the highest burdens of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in high-risk populations such as young children, adolescents, household contacts of TB cases, people living with HIV, gold miners and health care workers, but little is known about the burden of LTBI in its general population.MethodsUsing a community-based survey with random sampling, we examined the burden of LTBI in an urban township of Johannesburg and investigated factors associated with LTBI. The outcome of LTBI was based on TST positivity, with a TST considered positive if the induration was ≥5 mm in people living with HIV or ≥10 mm in those with unknown or HIV negative status. We used bivariate and multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with LTBIResultsThe overall prevalence of LTBI was 34.3 (95 % CI 30.0, 38.8 %), the annual risk of infection among children age 0–14 years was 3.1 % (95 % CI 2.1, 5.2). LTBI was not associated with HIV status. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, LTBI was associated with age (OR = 1.03 for every year increase in age, 95 % CI = 1.01–1.05), male gender (OR = 2.70, 95 % CI = 1.55–4.70), marital status (OR = 2.00, 95 % CI = 1.31–3.54), and higher socio-economic status (OR = 2.11, 95 % CI = 1.04–4.31).ConclusionsThe prevalence of LTBI and the annual risk of infection with M. tuberculosis is high in urban populations, especially in men, but independent of HIV infection status. This study suggests that LTBI may be associated with higher SES, in contrast to the well-established association between TB disease and poverty.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study

Ncayiyana

Bassett²,

West³

et al. 2016

BMC Infect Dis

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“…Compared with the stably housed, they have higher rates of substance use and HIV infection [66,68]. Smoking tobacco is increasingly recognized as a key risk for TB infection and disease, with an AOR of 2.31 for latent infection in the US [69] and relative risk of 2.3-2.7 for active disease [70] (see chapter 7).…”

Section: Homelessnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Determinants of Cigarette Smoking

Upson¹

2015

The Tobacco Epidemic

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As the tobacco epidemic has evolved, within countries and between them, tobacco dependence has become more stratified, increasingly affecting those less advantaged. Rates of illness and premature death are considerably higher for those in lower socioeconomic strata in most countries; much of that disparity is due to higher rates of smoking cigarettes. Disadvantage appears to be cumulative, with smoking rates over 60% for some groups with multiple attributes of risk. Those risks include mental illness, lower economic status and educational level, homelessness, disability, incarceration, military experience and some racial, ethnic and sexual minority identities. Some individuals are more susceptible to the harmful effects of tobacco because of genetic or environmental risk factors and/or comorbid conditions. It is highly likely that the changing face of the epidemic, from one affecting the population as a whole to one that affects specific segments, is a major contributor to health inequalities worldwide. Aggressive marketing by the tobacco industry has largely driven the high rates of tobacco dependence by people who lack advantage. Limited coping mechanisms to deal with high levels of stress and variations in the social acceptability of smoking contribute to the disparities. Marginalized groups have been disenfranchised from clinical research, as well as from society. Further study is needed, especially in methods to treat tobacco dependence. Action is of the utmost importance. There is good evidence that public health strategies work. Broad implementation of the tenets of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control is needed to decrease the scourge of tobacco dependence worldwide. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel 'The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined tobacco use as a marker of social inequity, because the health consequences of smoking are disproportionately borne by the most disadvantaged groups in society' [1, 2]. Chapter 16Loddenkemper R, Kreuter M (eds): The Tobacco Epidemic, ed 2, rev. and ext.

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“…Recent evidence indicates associations of SHS with tuberculosis [25,26] and meningococcal infections [27].…”

Section: Respiratory Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Effects of Passive Smoking in Adults

Clancy¹,

Kabir²

2015

The Tobacco Epidemic

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The inhalation of smoke exhaled by a smoker, second-hand smoke (SHS), environmental smoke or the smoke produced at the lit end of smoked tobacco (sidestream smoke) by the act of smoking is referred to as passive smoking. These inhaled products of tobacco combustion have been shown to have detrimental effects on most organs in the body. Assessment of exposure is measured by a number of direct and indirect methods, which include measurement of air nicotine and the measurement of small particles (<2.5 μm) in air. Cotinine, the main breakdown product of tobacco, is measured in body fluids as well as self-report and observed exposure measurements. The adverse health effects were largely established by large-scale epidemiological studies carried out over many years. The finding that SHS caused lung cancer led the International Agency for Research on Cancer to declare SHS as a class A carcinogen. The health benefits of smoke-free legislation have been observed all over the world and corroborate the predictions from known health effects of exposure to SHS and seem to be even greater than expected. A further side effect of smoke-free legislation is a major contribution to the denormalisation of smoking in public to which electronic cigarettes are perceived as a possible threat. The extension of smoke-free legislation to other areas as well as indoor public spaces has started and is under consideration in many countries.

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The Association between Active and Passive Smoking and Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Adults and Children in the United States: Results from NHANES

Cited by 32 publications

References 32 publications

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study

Social Determinants of Cigarette Smoking

Health Effects of Passive Smoking in Adults

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