Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study

Ncayiyana, Jabulani; Bassett, Jean; West, Nora; Westreich, Daniel; Musenge, Eustasius; Emch, Michael; Pettifor, Audrey; Hanrahan, Colleen F.; Schwartz, Sheree; Sanne, Ian; Rie, Annelies Van

doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1989-x

Cited by 43 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Our study also did not find any significant differences in LTBI prevalence between sexes, as noted in other high-risk populations, and in concordance with the study by TAYLOR et al [17] showing an identical percentage of males and females with LTBI. Studies involving children with LTBI found a higher proportion of males diagnosed with LTBI in China and Peru; those authors hypothesised that males could have spent more time socialising and interacting where the risk originated [18][19][20]. Our findings also suggest that children vaccinated with BCG have a 33% lower likelihood of developing LTBI (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.37-1.21; p=0.18), albeit being nonsignificant.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 38%

“…In addition to refugee children, one of the studies also included immigrants in the screening process for tuberculosis and LTBI, yielding an overall number of 67 334 children being examined with 12% prevalence of LTBI in total [17]. The prevalence of LTBI was found to be higher among older individuals, which is expected given the longer time period and potential for exposure to individuals having tuberculosis [5,18,19]. Our study also did not find any significant differences in LTBI prevalence between sexes, as noted in other high-risk populations, and in concordance with the study by TAYLOR et al [17] showing an identical percentage of males and females with LTBI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of latent tuberculosis among refugee children in Malaysia

Wong

Lee

2020

ERJ Open Res

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IntroductionTuberculosis remains one of the top 10 major causes of global mortality, imposing social–economic and medical challenges in Malaysia. Refugees sheltered in Malaysia are a high-risk population but basic health checks upon their arrival, including tuberculosis screening, are not practised. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among refugee children in Malaysia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed in three refugee schools in the Klang Valley, Malaysia, using tuberculin skin tests or interferon-γ release assays. Participants who tested positive were sent for further examination with chest radiography to confirm the tuberculosis diagnosis.ResultsFrom April 2018 to April 2019, we screened 430 refugee children with a median age of 13.0 years. Most of the children were born in Myanmar (n=274, 63.7%) and Pakistan (n=60, 14.0%). No children were diagnosed with active tuberculosis but 55 of the children (12.8%) were diagnosed with LTBI. Children with LTBI were generally older (OR 3.01, 95% CI 1.71–5.29; p<0.001) than those without LTBI infection. Sex, history of bacille Calmette–Guérin vaccination and country of birth were not associated with increased risk of LTBI.ConclusionThe relatively high LTBI burden among refugee children in this study poses an indication of possible LTBI risk among this population nationwide, and thus would be an important group to target for preventive therapy. This provides a unique opportunity for researchers to further examine and implement well-structured preventive strategies in combating the endemic infectious disease in Malaysia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 38%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis among refugee children in Malaysia

Wong

Lee

2020

ERJ Open Res

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“…CIs were derived by sampling parameter values for mine-specific transmission and immunity following previous infection. The FOI estimate for other South African residents in the model was found to be consistent with available ARTI measurements: 2.5–4.2% (across Western Cape, 2005, [ 40 ]), 3.8–4.5% (in Cape Town, 2005, [ 41 ]), 3.9–4.8% (in Cape Town, 2009, [ 42 ]), and 2.1–5.2% (in Johannesburg, 2013, [ 43 ]).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Small contribution of gold mines to the ongoing tuberculosis epidemic in South Africa: a modeling-based study

Chang

Chihota

Fielding

et al. 2018

BMC Med

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BackgroundGold mines represent a potential hotspot for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) transmission and may be exacerbating the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in South Africa. However, the presence of multiple factors complicates estimation of the mining contribution to the TB burden in South Africa.MethodsWe developed two models of TB in South Africa, a static risk model and an individual-based model that accounts for longer-term trends. Both models account for four populations — mine workers, peri-mining residents, labor-sending residents, and other residents of South Africa — including the size and prevalence of latent TB infection, active TB, and HIV of each population and mixing between populations. We calibrated to mine- and country-level data and used the static model to estimate force of infection (FOI) and new infections attributable to local residents in each community compared to other residents. Using the individual-based model, we simulated a counterfactual scenario to estimate the fraction of overall TB incidence in South Africa attributable to recent transmission in mines.ResultsWe estimated that the majority of FOI in each community is attributable to local residents: 93.9% (95% confidence interval 92.4–95.1%), 91.5% (91.4–91.5%), and 94.7% (94.7–94.7%) in gold mining, peri-mining, and labor-sending communities, respectively. Assuming a higher rate of Mtb transmission in mines, 4.1% (2.6–5.8%), 5.0% (4.5–5.5%), and 9.0% (8.8–9.1%) of new infections in South Africa are attributable to gold mine workers, peri-mining residents, and labor-sending residents, respectively. Therefore, mine workers with TB disease, who constitute ~ 2.5% of the prevalent TB cases in South Africa, contribute 1.62 (1.04–2.30) times as many new infections as TB cases in South Africa on average. By modeling TB on a longer time scale, we estimate 63.0% (58.5–67.7%) of incident TB disease in gold mining communities to be attributable to recent transmission, of which 92.5% (92.1–92.9%) is attributable to local transmission.ConclusionsGold mine workers are estimated to contribute a disproportionately large number of Mtb infections in South Africa on a per-capita basis. However, mine workers contribute only a small fraction of overall Mtb infections in South Africa. Our results suggest that curtailing transmission in mines may have limited impact at the country level, despite potentially significant impact at the mining level.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12916-018-1037-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Progression to active TB, either through primary progression or reactivation of LTBI is 20-30 times higher in PLWH than those without [2]. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), LTBI in the general population is estimated to range from 34-75% [4][5][6], with no difference found by HIV status in recent studies [5,6]. However, TB preventive therapy is recommended for PLWH in high burden TB settings because of the high risk of progression to active disease [1, 2,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuberculin skin test positivity among HIV-infected alcohol drinkers on antiretrovirals in south-western Uganda

et al. 2020

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Background Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV (PLWH), and current evidence suggests that heavy alcohol users have an increased risk of developing TB disease compared to non-drinkers. Not known is whether the increased risk for TB disease among alcohol users may reflect higher rates of latent TB infection (LTBI) among this population. We assessed the latent TB infection prevalence based on tuberculin skin testing (TST) and examined association with current alcohol use among HIV-infected persons on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in southwestern Uganda. Methods We included PLWH at the Mbarara Regional Hospital HIV clinic, who were either current alcohol consumers (prior 3 months) or past year abstainers (2:1 enrolment ratio). Participants were recruited for a study of isoniazid preventive therapy for LTBI. TST was performed using 5 tuberculin units of purified protein derivative. The primary outcome was a positive TST reading (�5mm induration), reflecting LTBI. We used logistic regression analyses to assess the cross-sectional association between self-reported current alcohol use and a positive TST. Results Of the 295 of 312 (95%) who returned for TST reading, 63% were females and 63% were current alcohol drinkers. The TST positive prevalence was 27.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.6%-32.9%). The odds of a positive TST for current alcohol users compared to

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Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and predictive factors in an urban informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study

Cited by 43 publications

References 51 publications

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis among refugee children in Malaysia

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis among refugee children in Malaysia

Small contribution of gold mines to the ongoing tuberculosis epidemic in South Africa: a modeling-based study

Tuberculin skin test positivity among HIV-infected alcohol drinkers on antiretrovirals in south-western Uganda

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