The ascension of nanosponges as a drug delivery carrier: preparation, characterization, and applications

Abstract

Nanosponges are nanosized drug carriers with a three-dimensional structure created by crosslinking polymers. They have the advantage of being able to hold a wide range of drugs of various sizes. Nanosponges come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are distinguished by the research method used, the type of polymer used, and the type of drug they may contain. Nanosponges are superior to other delivery systems because they can provide a controlled drug release pattern with targeted drug delivery. The period of action, as well as the drug’s residence time, may be regulated. Since it is made of biodegradable materials, it has a low toxicity and is safe to use. The efficiency of drug encapsulation is determined by the size of the drug molecule and the amount of void space available. Cancer, enzyme and biocatalyst carrier, oxygen delivery, solubility enhancement, enzyme immobilization, and poison absorbent are some of the applications for nanosponges. The method of preparation, characterization, factors affecting nanosponge development, drug loading and release mechanism, recent developments in this area, and patents filed in the area of nanosponges are all highlighted in this study.

Investigation of Luliconazole-Loaded Mucoadhesive Electrospun Nanofibers for Anticandidal Activity in the Management of Vaginal Candidiasis

“…FTIR analysis was performed to determine the existence of any interaction between excipients and drug and also to know the influence of the electrospinning technique over the functional groups in the nanofibers . The different FTIR spectrum overlays are presented in Figure .…”

Nanosponges for hydrogen evolution reaction: current trends and future perspectives

“…The commercialization and widespread adoption of nanosponges will depend on their costeffectiveness, safety, and regulatory approval, which can be addressed through continued research and development. [93][94][95][96] In addition to their application in HER, nanosponges can be utilized in a wide range of electrochemical reactions to improve their efficiency, selectivity, and stability. The synthesis of nanosponges with specic compositions, structures, and surface chemistries can be tailored to optimize their performance in different electrochemical reactions.…”

“…The commercialization and widespread adoption of nanosponges will depend on their cost-effectiveness, safety, and regulatory approval, which can be addressed through continued research and development. 93–96…”

Nanosponges for Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy: Recent Advances

“…Indeed, the application of nanosponges is still at an early stage, and future explorations ought to focus on designing innovative nanosponge-based systems (either alone or in the presence of other polymers) with potential pharmaceutical and biomedical applications [ 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. An assortment of nanosponges has been created, namely titanium-based, metallic, β -cyclodextrin, hyper-crosslinked polystyrene, silicon-based, DNAzyme, and ethylcellulose nanosponges [ 17 ]. The mesh-like/colloidal structures of nanosponges make them ideal candidates for the encapsulation of different compounds, including drugs, phytochemicals, volatile oils, antineoplastic agents, genetic substances, and proteins/peptides, among others [ 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

“…Nanosponges (~200–300 nm) exist in both crystalline and para-crystalline forms, which mostly depend on the reaction/synthesis and processing conditions. The property pertaining to the crystallization of nanosponges can help in controlling and governing their drug-loading capacity [ 17 ]. Several techniques have been introduced for the synthesis of nanosponges, such as the interfacial phenomenon, hot melting process, hyper-crosslinked cyclodextrin, ultrasound-assisted, solvent condensation, microwave (MW)-assisted synthesis, interfacial condensation, mechanochemical synthesis, chain-growth poly-condensation, and emulsion solvent evaporation methods [ 22 ].…”