“…In our opinion, publications that provide guidance on methodological matters do not sufficiently warn against the non-informative value of MCs for construct validity (but see O'Keefe, 2003, for an exception). They either fail to discuss MCs (e.g., Reis & Judd, 2014) or mention their potentially informative function-for instance when results contradict the predictions-while remaining silent about other cases (Wilson, Aronson, & Carlsmith, 2010). Some even advocate their use by considering that a MC is an essential element for asserting internal and construct validity of an experiment (Flake, Pek, & Hehman, 2017;Foschi, 2014).…”