The arithmetic of achieving universal primary education

Fredrisken, Birger

doi:10.1007/bf00597987

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The four regional conferences convened in the early 1960s to agree on target years for reaching Universal Primary Education (UPE) were an important instrument in mobilizing global political commitment to this goal. The conferences were organized in Karachi, Pakistan, for Asia (1960); Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, for sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) (1961); Santiago, Chile, for Latin America (1962); and Tripoli, Libya, for Arab States (1966), see Fredriksen (1981, 1983). The target years were 1970 for Latin America, and 1980 for Asia, SSA and Arab states.…”

Section: A Development Failure Threating the Future Of African Childr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the reader should be aware that the arguments in this article are heavily influenced by my personal experience during my more than 50 years’ association with the “UPE-movement,” including being part of the UNESCO team monitoring progress toward the UPE targets during the 1970s and early 1980s (Fredriksen, 1978, 1981, 1983), at the World Bank, including participating in the Jomtien and Dakar conferences (see above), and as a writer after retirement (Fredriksen, 2005, 2020).…”

Section: A Development Failure Threating the Future Of African Childr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This illustrates the paucity of reliable demographic information for SSA countries at that time. In fact, enrollment in 1980 in these countries exceeded by some 24% the enrollment projected by the plan as needed to reach a GER of 100% (Fredriksen, 1983). The definition of UPE as reaching a GER of 100% also ignores the high level of grade repetition in many SSA countries.…”

Section: Combined Impact Of Slow Demographic and Economic Transition ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…see Fredriksen (1981Fredriksen ( , 1983. The target years were 1970 for Latin America, and 1980 for Asia, SSA and Arab states.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Promise not kept: universal primary education for all children in sub-Saharan Africa

Fredriksen

2022

JICE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PurposeThis article examines why Universal Primary Education (UPE) has shifted from being a developing country challenge more broadly in the last half of the 20th century to become largely a sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) challenge today. It discusses a number of national and education sector system-wide challenges that have constrained the implementation of UPE in SSA more so than in other developing regions.Design/methodology/approachThis article reviews the literature and policy documents on a wide range of developing country issues, and discusses why most SSA countries have faced unparalleled challenges in achieving UPE.FindingsSSA governments should take the opportunity offered by their post-pandemic “build back better” efforts to fundamentally reset education policies to address the key causes of this major development failure. The overarching objective must be to develop education systems that are more inclusive, equitable and responsive to national development needs by better serving the large population groups, parts of society and economic sectors that currently derive little benefit from public education spending. This article highlights the urgency and challenges associated with achieving this objective.Originality/valueAlthough the main responsibility lies with SSA governments, this paper stresses that the global community will be affected in many ways by how effectively this crisis is addressed. Therefore, this effort merits sustained global support including through more catalytic use of aid.

show abstract

Section: A Development Failure Threating the Future Of African Childr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Development Failure Threating the Future Of African Childr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Combined Impact Of Slow Demographic and Economic Transition ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…see Fredriksen (1981Fredriksen ( , 1983. The target years were 1970 for Latin America, and 1980 for Asia, SSA and Arab states.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Promise not kept: universal primary education for all children in sub-Saharan Africa

Fredriksen

2022

JICE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…97 Thus, Russia strategically maintained diplomatic ties with the UN-led GNA as well. 98 Despite the Kremlin's denial, the Russian troops were strongly believed to fight for Khalifa Haftar's success on the battlefield. 99 Besides, the Russian mercenaries of the Wagner group, which was asserted that it had close ties with the Russian ruling elites and helped the Russian engagement in the regional countries, 100 backed the Haftar forces in Libya.…”

Section: Russia Is Back: Balancing Game In Syriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Russia is Back to the Balancing Game

YÜCE,

AMOUR

2021

Gazi Akademik Bakış

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This research mainly aims to show the balancing game of Russia in Syria and Libya after the Arab Spring. Recently Russia has increased its influence in Syria and Libya by its own capabilities and alliances with regional and local actors. Thus, it sought to consolidate its strength and balance its rivals, predominantly the US, in the international system. After the Arab Spring, Russia deployed its military muscle to Syria to protect its traditional ally the Bashar al-Assad regime, and restrain the US from solely dominating the region. Its attempts achieved to ensure the regime’s survival and balance the US in the country. Later, it sought to expand its sphere of influence and balance the rivals in Libya. It primarily used its own capabilities and alliance relations with the Khalifa Haftar group, the UAE, and Egypt. Russia’s growing presence in Libya inevitably affected the regional competition and balance of power among the states. However, the clashes among the militias supported by the external powers escalated in the fragmented country. Eventually, the UN-recognized GNA consolidated its power against the Khalifa Haftar forces and seized the control of northwest Libya, but an unstable environment still prevails in the country.

show abstract

Universal primary education: An African dilemma

Lee

1988

World Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The arithmetic of achieving universal primary education

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Promise not kept: universal primary education for all children in sub-Saharan Africa

Promise not kept: universal primary education for all children in sub-Saharan Africa

Russia is Back to the Balancing Game

Universal primary education: An African dilemma

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About