The Arctic sea butterfly Limacina helicina: lipids and life strategy

Gannefors, Charlotte; Boer, Marco de; Kattner, Gerhard; Graeve, Martín; Eiane, Ketil; Gulliksen, Bjørn; Hop, Haakon; Falk‐Petersen, Stig

doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1544-y

Cited by 115 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The mesh size used also excluded veligers of all species groups. As veligers can constitute a significant portion of the population (Gannefors et al 2005), it is likely that a significant proportion of the population was not collected. As the proportion of the sampled population was size dependent, it is possible that the observed seasonal 'blooms' may be the result of size biased sampling rather than the presence or absence of the animals from the sampled water column (Wells 1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pteropod time series from the North Western Mediterranean (1967-2003): impacts of pH and climate variability

Howes¹,

Stemmann²,

Assailly³

et al. 2015

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Environmental changes resulting from anthropogenic CO 2 emissions occur at global and local levels and have potentially harmful effects, particularly for calcifying taxa in the marine environment. A time series of pteropod abundance covering the period 1967−2003 was isolated from the Point B (northwestern Ligurian Sea) zooplankton time series. Inter-and intra-annual changes in the abundance of 3 families (Limacinidae, Cavoliniidae and Creseidae) were compared with the copepod time series to identify any differential effects driven by ocean acidification and temperature. pH values were hind-cast from total alkalinity estimated from local temperature and salinity measurements, and atmospheric CO 2 taken from the Mauna Loa time series. Although surface waters were supersaturated with respect to aragonite throughout the study period, it is estimated that pH declined by 0.05 units. All pteropod groups displayed a trend of increasing abundance, suggesting that any deleterious effect of declining pH T in the range of 0.05 units has not caused sufficient reductions in fitness as to decrease local abundances between 1967−2003. Pteropod populations are influenced by inter-annual changes in summer temperatures. Spectral analysis identified a ~14 yr periodic oscillation in sea surface temperature. Similarly timed oscillations in abundance are present for all pteropod families but not for copepods, indicating a possible influence of the North Atlantic quasi-decadal mode on pteropod populations. While laboratory studies have shown pteropods to be sensitive to changes in pH, this analysis suggests that local and regional scale drivers have had a greater effect on pteropod populations in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea in recent decades. It should be noted that pH changes in laboratory studies exceed 0.05 pH units and that the saturation state with respect to aragonite (Ω ar ) is usually much lower than that of the Mediterranean.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pteropod time series from the North Western Mediterranean (1967-2003): impacts of pH and climate variability

Howes¹,

Stemmann²,

Assailly³

et al. 2015

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Zooplankton typically feed near the surface, which is rich in food, but also in predators; they migrate to deeper layers to hide from their predators. For example, in the Kongsfjorden (Svalbard), juveniles of L. helicina overwinter at about 200 m and switch to feed on lower quality food [42,43]. If pteropods reduce their depth range in response to acidification or other anthropogenic pressures, that would also result in greater predatory pressure, notably on juveniles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of aragonite saturation state changes on migratory pteropods

et al. 2011

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Thecosome pteropods play a key role in the food web of various marine ecosystems and they calcify, secreting the unstable CaCO 3 mineral aragonite to form their shell material. Here, we have estimated the effect of ocean acidification on pteropod calcification by exploiting empirical relationships between their gross calcification rates (CaCO 3 precipitation) and aragonite saturation state V a , combined with model projections of future V a . These were corrected for modern model-data bias and taken over the depth range where pteropods are observed to migrate vertically. Results indicate large reductions in gross calcification at temperate and high latitudes. Over much of the Arctic, the pteropod Limacina helicina will become unable to precipitate CaCO 3 by the end of the century under the IPCC SRES A2 scenario. These results emphasize concerns over the future of shelled pteropods, particularly L. helicina in high latitudes. Shell-less L. helicina are not known to have ever existed nor would we expect them to survive. Declines of pteropod populations could drive dramatic ecological changes in the various pelagic ecosystems in which they play a critical role.

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“…The Gannefors et al (2005) and Bednaršek et al (2012) functional forms performed similarly well and realistically (Appendix B) across the shell diameter size ranges encountered in the present study (0.01 to 50 mm). We chose the Bednaršek et al (2012) function given that its estimate of dry weight between 1 and 4 mm shell diameter fell midway between the estimates of the Fabry (1989) and Gannefors et al (2005) algorithms, combined with the fact that its behaviour remained realistic at larger size categories.…”

Section: Methodology For Biomass Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global distribution of pteropods and their contribution to carbonate and carbon biomass in the modern ocean

Bednaršek

Možina

Vogt³

et al. 2012

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

145

140

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Abstract. Pteropods are a group of holoplanktonic gastropods for which global biomass distribution patterns remain poorly described. The aim of this study was to collect and synthesise existing pteropod (Gymnosomata, Thecosomata and Pseudothecosomata) abundance and biomass data, in order to evaluate the global distribution of pteropod carbon biomass, with a particular emphasis on temporal and spatial patterns. We collected 25 939 data points from several online databases and 41 scientific articles. These data points corresponded to observations from 15 134 stations, where 93 % of observations were of shelled pteropods (Thecosomata) and 7 % of non-shelled pteropods (Gymnosomata). The biomass data has been gridded onto a 360 × 180• grid, with a vertical resolution of 33 depth levels. Both the raw data file and the gridded data in NetCDF format can be downloaded from PANGAEA, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.777387. Data were collected between 1950-2010, with sampling depths ranging from 0-2000 m. Pteropod biomass data was either extracted directly or derived through converting abundance to biomass with pteropod-specific length to carbon biomass conversion algorithms. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH), the data were distributed quite evenly throughout the year, whereas sampling in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) was biased towards winter and summer values. 86 % of all biomass values were located in the NH, most (37 %) within the latitudinal band of 30-60• N. The range of global biomass values spanned over four orders of magnitude, with mean and median (non-zero) biomass values of 4.6 mg C m −3 (SD = 62.5) and 0.015 mg C m −3 , respectively. The highest mean biomass was located in the SH within the 70-80• S latitudinal band (39.71 mg C m −3 , SD = 93.00), while the highest median biomass was in the NH, between 40-50• S (0.06 mg C m −3 , SD = 79.94). Shelled pteropods constituted a mean global carbonate biomass of 23.17 mg CaCO 3 m −3 (based on non-zero records). Total biomass values were lowest in the equatorial regions and equally high at both poles. Pteropods were found at least to depths of 1000 m, with the highest biomass values located in the surface layer (0-10 m) and gradually decreasing with depth, with values in excess of 100 mg C m −3 only found above 200 m depth.Tropical species tended to concentrate at greater depths than temperate or high-latitude species. Global biomass levels in the NH were relatively invariant over the seasonal cycle, but more seasonally variable in the SH.The collected database provides a valuable tool for modellers for the study of marine ecosystem processes and global biogeochemical cycles. By extrapolating regional biomass to a global scale, we established global pteropod biomass to add up to 500 Tg C.

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The Arctic sea butterfly Limacina helicina: lipids and life strategy

Abstract: The sea butterfly Limacina helicina was col-

Cited by 115 publications

References 41 publications

Pteropod time series from the North Western Mediterranean (1967-2003): impacts of pH and climate variability

Pteropod time series from the North Western Mediterranean (1967-2003): impacts of pH and climate variability

Impact of aragonite saturation state changes on migratory pteropods

The global distribution of pteropods and their contribution to carbonate and carbon biomass in the modern ocean

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