The Application of Thermal Desorption GC/MS with Simultaneous Olfactory Evaluation for the Characterization and Quantification of Odor Compounds from a Dairy

Rabaud, Nicole E.; Ebeler, Susan E.; Ashbaugh, Lowell L.; Flocchini, Robert G.

doi:10.1021/jf020204u

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Sorbed water on CMS material not only affects trapping efficiency during sampling, but also significantly degrades laboratory analysis (29)(30)(31). In this study, 15 µL of water on sorbent tube typically resulted in complete loss of data from either shutdown of the instrument due to over pressurization (ice blockage), or chromatograms that were impossible to interpret due to shifting retention times, poor peak shape, and loss of resolution of compounds (see Supporting Information).…”

Section: Table 2 Recovery (%) and Rsd A Of Odorants From Sorbent Tubmentioning

confidence: 88%

Field Sampling Method for Quantifying Odorants in Humid Environments

Trabue

Scoggin²,

Li³

et al. 2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Most air quality studies in agricultural environments use thermal desorption analysis for quantifying semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) associated with odor. The objective of this study was to develop a robust sampling technique for measuring SVOCs in humid environments. Test atmospheres were generated at ambient temperatures (23 ± 1.5 °C) and 25, 50, and 80% relative humidity (RH). Sorbent material used included Tenax, graphitized carbon, and carbon molecular sieve (CMS). Sorbent tubes were challenged with 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 L of air at various RHs. Sorbent tubes with CMS material performed poorly at both 50 and 80% RH due to excessive sorption of water. Heating of CMS tubes during sampling or dry-purging of CMS tubes post sampling effectively reduced water sorption with heating of tubes being preferred due to the higher recovery and reproducibility. Tenax tubes had breakthrough of the more volatile compounds and tended to form artifacts with increasing volumes of air sampled. Graphitized carbon sorbent tubes containing Carbopack X and Carbopack C performed best with quantitative recovery of all compounds at all RHs and sampling volumes tested. The graphitized carbon tubes were taken to the field for further testing. Field samples taken from inside swine feeding operations showed that butanoic acid, 4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, indole, and 3-methylindole were the compounds detected most often above their odor threshold values. Field samples taken from a poultry facility demonstrated that butanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, and 4-methylphenol were the compounds above their odor threshold values detected most often. Received December 14, 2007. Revised manuscript received February 08, 2008. Accepted February 14, 2008 Most air quality studies in agricultural environments use thermal desorption analysis for quantifying semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) associated with odor. The objective of this study was to develop a robust sampling technique for measuring SVOCs in humid environments. Test atmospheres were generated at ambient temperatures (23 ( 1.5°C) and 25, 50, and 80% relative humidity (RH). Sorbent material used included Tenax, graphitized carbon, and carbon molecular sieve (CMS). Sorbent tubes were challenged with 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 L of air at various RHs. Sorbent tubes with CMS material performed poorly at both 50 and 80% RH due to excessive sorption of water. Heating of CMS tubes during sampling or drypurging of CMS tubes post sampling effectively reduced water sorption with heating of tubes being preferred due to the higher recovery and reproducibility. Tenax tubes had breakthrough of the more volatile compounds and tended to form artifacts with increasing volumes of air sampled. Graphitized carbon sorbent tubes containing Carbopack X and Carbopack C performed best with quantitative recovery of all compounds at all RHs and sampling volumes tested. The graphitized carbon tubes were taken to the field for further testing. Field samples taken from inside swine feeding operations show...

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Section: Table 2 Recovery (%) and Rsd A Of Odorants From Sorbent Tubmentioning

confidence: 88%

Field Sampling Method for Quantifying Odorants in Humid Environments

Trabue

Scoggin²,

Li³

et al. 2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Even alternative air sampling techniques such as sorbent tubes (USEPA Method TO-17) have their own short comings especially when sampling in humid environments using molecular sieve sorbents (Helmig and Vierling, 1995;Gawlowski et al, 1999;Trabue et al, 2008a). Rabaud et al (2002) noted problems with excess water when sampling air from a dairy facility in California. While sorbent material such as Carbopack X have been shown to trap both volatile and semi-volatile compounds in humid environments (Trabue et al, 2008a), it is poor at trapping and quantifying alcohols (Kornacki et al, 2005) a key VOC from AFOs (Blunden et al, 2005;Filipy et al, 2006;Ngwabie et al, 2008;Sun et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciation of volatile organic compounds from poultry production

Trabue

Scoggin

et al. 2010

Atmospheric Environment

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from poultry production are leading source of air quality problems. However, little is known about the speciation and levels of VOCs from poultry production. The objective of this study was the speciation of VOCs from a poultry facility using evacuated canisters and sorbent tubes. Samples were taken during active poultry production cycle and between production cycles. Levels of VOCs were highest in areas with birds and the compounds in those areas had a higher percentage of polar compounds (89%) compared to aliphatic hydrocarbons (2.2%). In areas without birds, levels of VOCs were 1/3 those with birds present and compounds had a higher total percentage of aliphatic hydrocarbons (25%). Of the VOCs quantified in this study, no single sampling method was capable of quantifying more than 55% of compounds and in several sections of the building each sampling method quantified less than 50% of the quantifiable VOCs. Key classes of chemicals quantified using evacuated canisters included both alcohols and ketones, while sorbent tube samples included volatile fatty acids and ketones. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from poultry production are leading source of air quality problems. However, little is known about the speciation and levels of VOCs from poultry production. The objective of this study was the speciation of VOCs from a poultry facility using evacuated canisters and sorbent tubes. Samples were taken during active poultry production cycle and between production cycles. Levels of VOCs were highest in areas with birds and the compounds in those areas had a higher percentage of polar compounds (89%) compared to aliphatic hydrocarbons (2.2%). In areas without birds, levels of VOCs were 1/3 those with birds present and compounds had a higher total percentage of aliphatic hydrocarbons (25%). Of the VOCs quantified in this study, no single sampling method was capable of quantifying more than 55% of compounds and in several sections of the building each sampling method quantified less than 50% of the quantifiable VOCs. Key classes of chemicals quantified using evacuated canisters included both alcohols and ketones, while sorbent tube samples included volatile fatty acids and ketones. The top five compounds made up close to 70% of VOCs and included: 1) acetic acid (830.1 mg m À3 ); 2) 2,3-butanedione (680.6 mg m À3 ); 3) methanol (195.8 mg m À3 ); 4) acetone (104.6 mg m À3 ); and 5) ethanol (101.9 mg m À3 ). Location variations for top five compounds averaged 49.5% in each section of the building and averaged 87% for the entire building.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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“…It was also reported that livestock odors were mostly due to VOCs and defined as a mixture of carbon-, sulfur-, and nitrogencontaining compounds produced during incomplete anaerobic fermentation of manure (Miller and Varel, 2001). Rabaud et al (2002) observed 20 odorous and nonodorous compounds in emissions downwind of a dairy, with concentrations varying from 0.55 to 320.20 mg m…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The p-cresol is exempt from the ROG list due to its low reactivity, but it is recognized as a potential odor-causing compound emitted from livestock operations. In addition to ozone formation, odors from dairies and cattle feedyards are nuisances associated with VOC emissions (Rabaud et al, 2002). Volatile fatty acids, p-cresol, phenol, 4-ethylphenol, indole, skatole, and sulfur-containing compounds are identified as contributors of odors from animal feeding operations Koziel et al, 2006;Wright et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of seasonal phenol andp-cresol emissions from ground-level area sources in a dairy operation in central Texas

Borhan

Capareda

Mukhtar

et al. 2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Although there are more than 200 odor-causing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), phenol and p-cresol are two prominent odor-causing VOCs found downwind from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). The VOC emissions from cattle and dairy production are difficult to quantify accurately because of their low concentrations, spatial variability, and limitations of available instruments. To quantify VOCs, a protocol following U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method TO-14A has been established based on the isolation flux chamber method and a portable gas chromatograph (GC) coupled with a purge-and-trap system. The general objective of this research was to quantify phenol and p-cresol emission rates (ERs) from different ground-level area sources (GLASs) in a free-stall dairy during summer and winter seasons using this protocol. Two-week-long sampling campaigns were conducted in a dairy operation in central Texas. Twenty-nine air samples were collected during winter and 37 samples were collected during summer from six specifically delineated GLASs (barn, loafing pen, lagoon, settling basin, silage pile, and walkway) at the free-stall dairy. Thirteen VOCs were identified during the sampling period and the GC was calibrated for phenol and p-cresol, the primary odorous VOCs identified. The overall calculated ERs for phenol and p-cresol were 2656 AE 728 and 763 AE 212 mg hd À1 day À1 , respectively, during winter. Overall phenol and p-cresol ERs were calculated to be 1183 AE 361 and 551 AE 214 mg hd À1 day À1 , respectively, during summer. In general, overall phenol and p-cresol ERs during winter were about 2.3 and 1.4 times, respectively, higher than those during summer.Implications: Concentrated animal feeding operations contribute a considerable amount of VOCs to the atmosphere. The phenol and p-cresol are two VOCs recognized as potential odor-causing compounds emitted from livestock operation. To develop effective strategies for mitigating livestock odorous VOC emissions, relative emissions from different GLAS in a livestock operation under different climate conditions should be quantified. It is also important to obtain direct estimates of VOC emissions from different GLAS in CAFOs to compile emission inventories. This research determined phenol and p-cresol emissions from different GLAS in a free-stall dairy and also identified areas in a dairy operations that have the highest phenol and p-cresol emissions.

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The Application of Thermal Desorption GC/MS with Simultaneous Olfactory Evaluation for the Characterization and Quantification of Odor Compounds from a Dairy

Cited by 39 publications

References 7 publications

Field Sampling Method for Quantifying Odorants in Humid Environments

Field Sampling Method for Quantifying Odorants in Humid Environments

Speciation of volatile organic compounds from poultry production

Comparison of seasonal phenol andp-cresol emissions from ground-level area sources in a dairy operation in central Texas

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