Speciation of volatile organic compounds from poultry production

Abstract

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from poultry production are leading source of air quality problems. However, little is known about the speciation and levels of VOCs from poultry production. The objective of this study was the speciation of VOCs from a poultry facility using evacuated canisters and sorbent tubes. Samples were taken during active poultry production cycle and between production cycles. Levels of VOCs were highest in areas with birds and the compounds in those areas had a higher percentage of polar compounds (89%) compared to aliphatic hydrocarbons (2.2%). In areas without birds, levels of VOCs were 1/3 those with birds present and compounds had a higher total percentage of aliphatic hydrocarbons (25%). Of the VOCs quantified in this study, no single sampling method was capable of quantifying more than 55% of compounds and in several sections of the building each sampling method quantified less than 50% of the quantifiable VOCs. Key classes of chemicals quantified using evacuated canisters included both alcohols and ketones, while sorbent tube samples included volatile fatty acids and ketones. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from poultry production are leading source of air quality problems. However, little is known about the speciation and levels of VOCs from poultry production. The objective of this study was the speciation of VOCs from a poultry facility using evacuated canisters and sorbent tubes. Samples were taken during active poultry production cycle and between production cycles. Levels of VOCs were highest in areas with birds and the compounds in those areas had a higher percentage of polar compounds (89%) compared to aliphatic hydrocarbons (2.2%). In areas without birds, levels of VOCs were 1/3 those with birds present and compounds had a higher total percentage of aliphatic hydrocarbons (25%). Of the VOCs quantified in this study, no single sampling method was capable of quantifying more than 55% of compounds and in several sections of the building each sampling method quantified less than 50% of the quantifiable VOCs. Key classes of chemicals quantified using evacuated canisters included both alcohols and ketones, while sorbent tube samples included volatile fatty acids and ketones. The top five compounds made up close to 70% of VOCs and included: 1) acetic acid (830.1 mg m À3 ); 2) 2,3-butanedione (680.6 mg m À3 ); 3) methanol (195.8 mg m À3 ); 4) acetone (104.6 mg m À3 ); and 5) ethanol (101.9 mg m À3 ). Location variations for top five compounds averaged 49.5% in each section of the building and averaged 87% for the entire building.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Performance of commercial nonmethane hydrocarbon analyzers in monitoring oxygenated volatile organic compounds emitted from animal feeding operations

“…Our research group recently published a study monitoring the VOCs from a poultry facility (Trabue et al, 2010). In this study, the most abundant compounds were confirmed to be polar oxygenated hydrocarbons, and VOC concentration levels were highest in areas that housed animals.…”

“…), whereas VOC emissions from AFOs are biogenic and have been found to be dominated by polar oxygenated compounds (Schiffman, Bennett, and Raymer, 2001;Filipy et al, 2006;Ngwabie et al, 2008;Feilberg et al, 2010;Trabue et al, 2010;Rumsey, Aneja, and Lonneman, 2012). It was noted in the consent agreement that some error was anticipated due to the imprecise response of Method 25A to oxygenated compounds (Federal Register, 2005), since FID detectors have a greater sensitivity toward aliphatic hydrocarbons than toward polar oxygenated compounds (Sternberg, Gallow, and James, 1962;Dietz, 1967;Jorgensen et al, 1990;Kallai, Veres, and Balla, 2001;Faiola et al, 2012).…”

Odour emissions from poultry litter – A review litter properties, odour formation and odorant emissions from porous materials

“…Slight benzaldehyde odour (almonds), faint, pleasant [32] n/a n/a n/a n/a 14,000 -5.53 0.0001 [32] 3400 [50] Butanoic acid, propyl ester n-butyric acid, propyl n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1. Disagreeable, rancid, tallow-like [32] 22 [35] 146.4 (33 [35]) 4.1 27.5 [44] (6.2) 2965 -4.86 0.001 [32] 2820 [50; 52] Butanoic acid, butyl ester n-butyric acid, butyl ester; n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a unpublished data Butanoic acid, 1-methylpropyl ester butyric acid, sec-butyl ester; butanoic acid, 2-butyl ester 144.2114 819-97-6 C 8 H 16 O 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a unpublished n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [50] Benzoic acid, 4-ethoxy- n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.0 [41] n/a [29] Diethyl-phthalate Anozol; Phthalol; solvanol; Very slight, aromatic, practically odourless [32] n/a n/a n/a n/a 1200 -4.47 0.0003 [32] 1080 [29] Triethyl Citrate Citric acid, triethyl ester; n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 3.18 x 10 -8 [41] n/a [29] [6]; wine like odour, sweet [32] 400 [35] (667) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 3.13 [32] 190,000 [29] n/a 0.515 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [29] 2-ethyl- n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 4.8 [41] n/a [30] Mushroom, earth [36];…”

“…Petrol-like [32] n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.0028 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a unpublished data 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene [8]-Annulene; cyclooctatetraene 104.1491 629-20-9 C 8 H 8 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [32] n/a n/a n/a n/a 9000 -5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0. Burnt [24]; sweet, aromatic, slightly phenolic [32] n/a n/a n/a n/a 900 - n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 877 -4.33 0.005 [41] 1280 [41] [50] n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.00018 n/a n/a [30] 2,4,6-Trimethyl-heptane 2,4,6-Trimethylheptane 142.2817 2613-61-8 C 10 H 22 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.00018 2.36 n/a n/a [30] n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [30] n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [30] Hexadecane n-hexadecane; cetane; n- n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Odourless or mousy [32] n/a n/a n/a n/a 2.3 x 10 5 [41] -6.74 0.005 [32] 2,250,000 [50] 2-Methyl-1H-pyrrole 2-methyl-pyrrole 81.1158 636-41-9 C 5 H 7 N n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [29] 4,5-dimethyloxazole 97.1152 20662-83-3 C 5 H 7 NO n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [50] 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone M-Pyrol; Nmethylpyrrolidione 99.1311 872-50-4 C 5 H 9 NO Mild amine [32] n/a n/a n/a n/a 22,400 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [50] N-Butyl- n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [29] Sulfur containing/Thiols n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a > 50,000 < -6.09 n/a n/a [29; 50] [32] n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [50] Diethyl …”

“…propanoic acid n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [29] 1,4-pentadiene n/a 68.1170 591-93-5 CH 2 =CHCH 2 CH =CH or C 5 H 8 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.0084 0.69 96.8 n/a [30] R n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.011 [45] (@20°C) n/a [29] 6,7-Dimethyl-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one n/a 162.1852 CID 583914 [32] C 10 H 10 O 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [29] n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [50] 4,5,6,7-tetramethylphthalide 4,5,6,7-tetramethyl-2(3H)-Benzofuranone 190.238 [41] n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a [29] Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxan e 222.4618 541-05-9 C 6 H 18 O 3 Si 3 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.58 n/a [7] Octamethylcyclotetrasilox ane 296.6158 556-67-2 C 8 H 24 O 4 Si 4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.14 0.005 [7] Figure S1.1. Graphical summary of odour threshold values for selected compounds (Table S1 …”