The Application of Super Capacitors to relieve Battery-storage systems in Autonomous Renewable Energy Systems

Abstract

Abstract-The utilization of wind and sun as renewable sources causes uncontrollable fluctuations in power generation. Furthermore, the ratio between peak power and average power is high for systems with a limited number of households. In small autonomous renewable energy systems (ARES), energy storage is needed; however, the use of Lead-acid batteries as energy buffers is problematic, since it is not possible to cover fast power fluctuations without dramatically reducing the batteries' lifetime. In this paper Super Capacitors are applied to relieve fast changes in the battery storage system. Batteries are used to meet the energy requirements and Super Capacitors are used to meet the instantaneous power demand. At the end of this paper, a sizing method is proposed for the Super Capacitor system.

A reduced graphene oxide/Co3O4 composite for supercapacitor electrode

“…However, the energy density of graphene-based supercapacitors still cannot meet the current need. Generally, the energy density of currently commercial EDLC supercapacitors is typically 3~5 Wh/kg, which is much lower than that of an electrochemical battery (30~40 Wh/kg for a lead acid battery and 10~250 Wh/kg for a lithium-ion battery) [9,10]. Therefore, pseudocapacitors are being developed to improve the energy density of devices since pseudocapacitors store and deliver energy through redox reactions, leading to high specific capacitance [11,12].…”

Experimental analysis of Hybridised Energy Storage Systems for automotive applications

“…Passive systems combine SCs and batteries in parallel and do not employ any direct control of the current provided by each device, [37,38,27,39,26]. Semiactive systems use a DC-DC converter to control the power contribution of either the SCs [32,40] or batteries [41,42]. A fully active system uses two DC-DC converters to independently control the power contribution of both the SCs and batteries, [43,44].…”

Hybrid Energy Storage System for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: Review and a New Control Strategy

“…In this topology, the DC-DC converter is connected between the battery and the load, as illustrated in Figure 4 [37][38][39]. The output current of the DC-DC converter is controlled to follow the current I L,AVE .…”