Experimental analysis of Hybridised Energy Storage Systems for automotive applications

Sarwar, Wasim; Engstrom, Timothy; Marinescu, Monica; Green, Nick; Taylor, Nigel; Offer, Gregory J.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.05.114

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…This flexibility, however, comes at the cost of an additional DC/DC converter for the supercapacitors on top of the one used for the batteries. Nonetheless, given the low DC bus voltage of 24 V, a simple bidirectional two-quadrant converter is sufficient to step-up the supercapacitors' voltage (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) V in this paper), which is an effective and economical solution [5]. It is also worth noting that the power rating of the supercapacitor converter is lower than the batteries' one, here sized at about 30% of the ESS rated power for the case study of Section 4.…”

Section: The Fully Active Topologymentioning

confidence: 94%

“…To overcome these challenges, the scientific community has explored in the last decade how to hybridize a battery ESS with other storage technologies, such as supercapacitors [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], fuel cells [15,16] and flywheels [17], to come up with a more reliable hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that features longer lifespan and higher resistance to degradation. Supercapacitors (or ultracapacitors) are deemed among the most suitable coupling candidates, as they exhibit high power density (though low energy density) and complementary characteristics to electrochemical batteries [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most appropriate topology for an application is selected based on factors such as the set-up cost, efficiency, controllability, system complexity and utilization rate. The passive HESS is the simplest and cheapest topology, according to which the batteries and supercapacitors are directly coupled in parallel at the DC link without any power electronics or control [8,9]; this approach is widely applied in high voltage ESS, benefiting from low internal losses and reduced system complexity. However, this way the supercapacitors voltage varies little and their capacity is severely underutilized, which entails only limited extension of the battery life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybridizing Lead–Acid Batteries with Supercapacitors: A Methodology

et al. 2021

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Hybridizing a lead–acid battery energy storage system (ESS) with supercapacitors is a promising solution to cope with the increased battery degradation in standalone microgrids that suffer from irregular electricity profiles. There are many studies in the literature on such hybrid energy storage systems (HESS), usually examining the various hybridization aspects separately. This paper provides a holistic look at the design of an HESS. A new control scheme is proposed that applies power filtering to smooth out the battery profile, while strictly adhering to the supercapacitors’ voltage limits. A new lead–acid battery model is introduced, which accounts for the combined effects of a microcycle’s depth of discharge (DoD) and battery temperature, usually considered separately in the literature. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis on the thermal parameters and an economic analysis were performed using a 90-day electricity profile from an actual DC microgrid in India to infer the hybridization benefit. The results show that the hybridization is beneficial mainly at poor thermal conditions and highlight the need for a battery degradation model that considers both the DoD effect with microcycle resolution and temperate impact to accurately assess the gain from such a hybridization.

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Section: The Fully Active Topologymentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybridizing Lead–Acid Batteries with Supercapacitors: A Methodology

et al. 2021

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“…Battery energy storage system is widely used in today's more electrified world . Lithium‐ion batteries, with higher energy density, longer cycle life, and lower self‐discharge rate, are favorable for the electrochemical energy storage systems, including the power source for electric vehicle, the energy storage station for grid, power wall for houses, etc. Cells are assembled together as a battery pack, as single cell has limited voltage and capacity .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A graphical model for evaluating the status of series-connected lithium-ion battery pack

Feng

et al. 2018

Int J Energy Res

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Summary State evaluation of battery pack is essential for battery management but laborious when dealing with massive information of cells within the pack. A graphical model for evaluating the status of series‐connected Li‐ion battery pack is established to release the burden. The model is founded by a 2D diagram, with the electric quantity “E” and the capacity “Q” as its axes, therefore called by the “E‐Q diagram.” The new graphical diagram presents the dynamics of cell variations in a linear way, thereby benefiting the design and management of battery pack, including (1) quantifying the cell variations by region, (2) illustrating the evolution of cell variations during aging, (3) guiding the estimation of pack states considering algorithm error in cell states, and (4) solving the balancing problem. The experimental results conform to the theoretical analysis, indicating that the E‐Q diagram will be pervasively applied in the design and management of series‐connected battery pack. Moreover, the E‐Q diagram is suitable for education on the basics of a battery pack, because it is a graphical model.

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“…Both effects cause discrepancies in internal resistance (impedance), temperature gradients, and operation conditions, such as power storage/delivery demand and environmental conditions. These discrepancies may limits the ability to extract or store the full electrical energy capacity in the battery system [12], [13], [14], [15]. Therefore, it is essential to build a battery management system (BMS) for a high power battery pack with parallel placed battery modules, so as to accurately estimate the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the modules to protect the battery from operating outside its Safe Operating Area (SOA) [16], [17], [18], [19], [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Centralized recursive optimal scheduling of parallel buck regulated battery modules

Jiang

Habib

Zhao

et al. 2017

2017 IEEE 56th Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)

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This paper presents a centralized recursive optimal scheduling method for a battery system that consists of parallel connected battery modules with different open circuit voltages and battery impedance characteristics. Examples of such a battery system can be found in second-life, exchangeable or repurposed battery systems in which batteries with different charge or age characteristics are combined to create a larger storage capacity. The proposed method in this paper takes advantage of the availability of buck regulators in the battery management system (BMS) to compute the optimal voltage adjustment of the individual modules to minimize the effect of stray currents between the parallel connected battery modules. Our proposed method recursively computes the optimal current scheduling that balances (equals) each module current and maximize total bus current without violating any of the battery modules operating constraints. Recursive implementation guarantees robust operation as the battery modules operating parameters change as the battery pack (dis)charges or ages. In order to demonstrate the capability of this method in real battery system, an experimental setup of 3 parallel placed battery modules is built. The experimental results validate the feasibility and show the advantages of this current scheduling method in a real battery application, despite the fact that each module may have different impedance, open circuit voltage and charge parameters.

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Experimental analysis of Hybridised Energy Storage Systems for automotive applications

Cited by 23 publications

References 42 publications

Hybridizing Lead–Acid Batteries with Supercapacitors: A Methodology

Hybridizing Lead–Acid Batteries with Supercapacitors: A Methodology

A graphical model for evaluating the status of series-connected lithium-ion battery pack

Centralized recursive optimal scheduling of parallel buck regulated battery modules

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