The application of biotechnological methods for the synthesis of biodiesel

Adamczak, Marek; Bornscheuer, Uwe T.; Bednarski, W.

doi:10.1002/ejlt.200900078

Cited by 113 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…Besides the most obvious use of TAG as edible oils and fats, they have attracted a great and increasing interest for use in the production of fuels such as biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters [FAAE]) consisting of TAG-derived fatty acids esterified with short-chain alcohols (mainly methanol) as substitutes for diesel fuel (36). Furthermore, TAG are used as additives for a variety of therapeutic or pharmaceutical purposes.…”

Section: Biotechnological Relevance Of Tag and Wementioning

confidence: 99%

Acyltransferases in Bacteria

Röttig

Steinbüchel

2013

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

148

141

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SUMMARY Long-chain-length hydrophobic acyl residues play a vital role in a multitude of essential biological structures and processes. They build the inner hydrophobic layers of biological membranes, are converted to intracellular storage compounds, and are used to modify protein properties or function as membrane anchors, to name only a few functions. Acyl thioesters are transferred by acyltransferases or transacylases to a variety of different substrates or are polymerized to lipophilic storage compounds. Lipases represent another important enzyme class dealing with fatty acyl chains; however, they cannot be regarded as acyltransferases in the strict sense. This review provides a detailed survey of the wide spectrum of bacterial acyltransferases and compares different enzyme families in regard to their catalytic mechanisms. On the basis of their studied or assumed mechanisms, most of the acyl-transferring enzymes can be divided into two groups. The majority of enzymes discussed in this review employ a conserved acyltransferase motif with an invariant histidine residue, followed by an acidic amino acid residue, and their catalytic mechanism is characterized by a noncovalent transition state. In contrast to that, lipases rely on completely different mechanism which employs a catalytic triad and functions via the formation of covalent intermediates. This is, for example, similar to the mechanism which has been suggested for polyester synthases. Consequently, although the presented enzyme types neither share homology nor have a common three-dimensional structure, and although they deal with greatly varying molecule structures, this variety is not reflected in their mechanisms, all of which rely on a catalytically active histidine residue.

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Section: Biotechnological Relevance Of Tag and Wementioning

confidence: 99%

Acyltransferases in Bacteria

Röttig

Steinbüchel

2013

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

148

141

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“…This methodology avoids the separation of glycerol before its transformation and, in a similar way as previously obtained with derivatives of glycerol [17][18][19], these biofuels not only prevent the generation of waste, but also increase the yields of the process, always higher than nominal 10%, by incorporating some derivatives of glycerol into the reaction products. Novel methodologies to prepare esters from lipids using different acyl acceptors which directly afford alternative co-products are currently under development [13,[20][21][22]. The transesterification reaction of triglycerides with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) [23][24][25][26][27], methyl acetate [28][29][30][31][32] or ethyl acetate [33,34] can generate a mixture of three FAME or FAEE molecules and one of glycerol carbonate (GC) or glycerol triacetate (triacetin).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As in the two methods described before [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], the already patented Ecodiesel-100 [37][38][39] obtained through the 1,3-selective partial ethanolysis of the triglycerides with PPL, is a mixture of two parts of FAEE and one part of MG, that integrates the glycerol as a soluble derivative product (MG) in the diesel fuel, but unlike these methods, no specific reagent (such as dimethyl carbonate or methyl acetate) more expensive than methanol (or ethanol) are used. This strategy is based on obtaining an incomplete alcoholysis by application of 1,3-selective lipases, so that the glycerol remains in the form of monoglyceride which avoids the production of glycerol as a by-product, reducing the environmental impact of the process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofuel that Keeps Glycerol as Monoglyceride by 1,3-Selective Ethanolysis with Pig Pancreatic Lipase Covalently Immobilized on AlPO4 Support

et al. 2013

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By using pig pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3 or PPL) as a biocatalyst, covalently immobilized on amorphous AlPO 4 support, a new second generation biodiesel was obtained in the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with ethanol. The resulting biofuel is composed of fatty acid ethyl esters and monoglycerides (FAEE/MG) blended in a 2:1 molar ratio. This novel product, which integrates glycerol as monoacylglycerols (MG) into the biofuels composition, has similar physicochemical properties as conventional biodiesel and also avoids the removal step of the by-product by washing of the biodiesel with water. Immobilization of PPL was achieved by covalent attachment of the ε-amino group of the lysine residues of PPL with the aldehyde groups of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde linked on a hybrid organic-inorganic functionalized AlPO 4 surface. With this procedure, the PPL biocatalyst was strongly fixed to the inorganic support surface (94.3%). Nevertheless, the efficiency of the immobilized enzyme was relatively lower compared to that of the free PPL, but it showed a remarkable stability as well as a great capacity of reutilization (25 reuses) without a significant loss of its initial OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2013, 6 3880 catalytic activity. Therefore, this enzymatic method allows the production of a biodiesel which integrates the glycerol, allows a more efficient fabrication method and minimizes the waste production as compared to the conventional alkali-catalyzed process.

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“…Very recently, it has also been suggested as a potential feedstock for biodiesel industry (Adamczak et al, 2009;Easterling et al, 2009;Li et al, 2008;Vicente et al, 2010), because microbial lipid can be produced using various cheap feedstocks, especially renewable biomaterials such as lignocelluloses. Early studies suggested that oleaginous microorganisms should be cultivated for lipid accumulation in the media with excess carbon sources and one particular limiting element such as nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, iron or magnesium (Gill et al, 1977;Jakobsen et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%