The applicability of subcritical fluids to the conservation of actively corroding iron artifacts of cultural significance

Nasanen, Liisa; González-Pereyra, Néstor G.; Crétté, Stéphanie A.; DeViviés, Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2012.12.033

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In this regards, even though very effective dechlorination strategies have been recently developed (e.g. the immersion in alkaline subcritical fluids 32 , 33 ) the immersion in alkaline baths is the most employed method to stabilize movable iron items. Indeed, besides being cost effective, easy to implement and highly effective, desalination baths also prevent iron leaching and aesthetical alterations of the corrosion layer 34 – 36 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a novel method for the in-situ dechlorination of immovable iron elements: optimization of Cl− extraction yield through experimental design

Veneranda

Prieto‐Taboada

Carrero

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The conservation of iron objects exposed to marine aerosol is threatened by the formation of akaganeite, a highly unstable Cl-bearing corrosion phase. As akaganeite formation is responsible of the exfoliation of the rust layer, chlorides trigger a cyclic alteration phenomenon that often ends with the total consumption of the iron core. To prevent this degradation process, movable iron elements (e.g. archaeometallurgical artefacts) are generally immersed in alkaline dechlorination baths. Aiming to transfer this successful method to the treatment of immovable iron objects, we propose the in-situ application of alkaline solutions through the use of highly absorbent wraps. As first step of this novel research line, the present work defines the best desalination solution to be used and optimizes its extraction yield. After literature review, a screening experimental design was performed to understand the single and synergic effects of common additives used for NaOH baths. Once the most effective variables were selected, an optimization design was carried out to determine the optimal conditions to be set during treatment. According to the experimental work here presented, the use of 0.7 M NaOH solutions applied at high temperatures (above 50 °C) is recommended. Indeed, these conditions enhance chloride extraction and iron leaching inhibition, while promoting corrosion stabilization.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a novel method for the in-situ dechlorination of immovable iron elements: optimization of Cl− extraction yield through experimental design

Veneranda

Prieto‐Taboada

Carrero

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…This means that metallic archeological artifacts usually undergo a process of natural deterioration due to handling; however, this deterioration is intensified if the artifact remains in an improper environment for a long time, such as buried or submerged, depending on the chemical and physical properties of the soil or surrounding water. [ 7 ] After a buried or submerged period, the artifacts generally reach a state of equilibrium with the boundary conditions. Therefore, when collected, they are removed from this equilibrium state by the exposition to new physico‐chemical conditions, which can accelerate the deterioration process, especially due to contact with the oxygen of the air and the possible large and repeated variations of relative humidity levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interaction of sediments with the archeological iron remains from the recovery shipwreck of Urbieta (Gernika, North of Spain)

Estalayo

Aramendia

Bellot‐Gurlet

et al. 2020

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Cultural heritage often brings to mind elements like sculptures, paintings, monuments, and buildings as well as archeological objects. Today, underwater heritage and its surrounding environment are also considered part of cultural heritage because communities identify themselves with the natural landscape. This study is focused on a shipwreck belonging to the second half of the 15th century that was discovered in 1998 by chance in the sediments of the Urdaibai estuary, in Urbieta (Gernika, Basque Country), at 4 m underground. A scientific study presented in this work was performed, as this archeological site was absolutely out of context and in need of a preservation and conservation procedure. Therefore, our aim was to shed light on the origin of the shipwreck and to assess the conservation state to develop a precise conservation plan. Pursuing this objective, a first analysis on three selected groups of iron nails was performed, looking at the raw materials and degradation patterns through the knowledge of the alteration compounds. By means of nondestructive analytical techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray fluorescence, the presence of iron, zinc, and silicon was detected in the outer layer of the iron samples. The analysis of the nails and wood of the shipwreck confirmed that the presence of zinc in the pieces indicates an important impact of the contaminated sediments deposited in the last 80 years on the upper part of the burial in which the shipwreck was located.

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“…They have been used for a wide range of industrial applications for some time but, to date, there have been very few applications in an archaeological context. These few mostly relate to cleaning, drying, and conservation of delicate historical and archaeological artefacts such as actively eroding iron objects 15 , waterlogged corks 16 , wooden materials 17,18 , silk textiles 19 and historical records 20 . SFE was also used as a way to extract organic residues from archaeological ceramics 21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction for the decontamination of archaeological bones prior to radiocarbon dating

Devièse

Ribechini

Querci

et al. 2019

Analyst

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The applicability of subcritical fluids to the conservation of actively corroding iron artifacts of cultural significance

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

Development of a novel method for the in-situ dechlorination of immovable iron elements: optimization of Cl− extraction yield through experimental design

Development of a novel method for the in-situ dechlorination of immovable iron elements: optimization of Cl− extraction yield through experimental design

The interaction of sediments with the archeological iron remains from the recovery shipwreck of Urbieta (Gernika, North of Spain)

Assessing the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction for the decontamination of archaeological bones prior to radiocarbon dating

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