The Antimetabolite, Imidazole as a Pesticide1

Abstract

Irnidazole, an antimetabolite of histamine and nicotinic acid, has been found to be a safe and effective pesticide and is now undergoing field tests. Developed at U.C., Los Angeles, the new material has been patented and given the trade name "lrnutex." Imidazole, when synergized with boric acid, may be employed at low levels to proof fabric satisfactorily against insect attack. When synergized with 2-Aminopyridine, along with several newer synergists, and combined with base oil, imidazole is capable of controlling a number of insects and related arthropod species. Effectiveness is significantly increased by adding two surfactants to base oil. A hydrophilic surfactant increases the physiological activity of imidazole without improving the physical properties of the oil carrier, while perchloroethylene directly increases solubility. The particularly exciting quality about the material is its low mammalian toxicity. H E METABOLIC EFFECTS of antime-T tabolites within the systems of fabric-feeding insects have been studied for the last six years. Some of these compounds, when formulated in suitable lipidsoluble carriers, have recently been found to perform as effective contact pesticides in addition to their already proven metabolic values. One of the most promising of the antimetabolites is imidazole (glyoxaline or 1,3-diazole), which has an extremely low mammalian toxicity. Antimetabolites closely resemble a vitamin or other growth substance in chemical structure but, by design, are slightly altered in their manufacture. Per-CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE Progress Reports of Agricultural Research priblished monthly by the University of Cali! fornia Division of Agricultural Sciences.

Molecular and Insecticidal Characterization of a Novel Cry-Related Protein from Bacillus Thuringiensis Toxic against Myzus persicae

“…However, and compared to the 95-kDa aphidicidal protein, which killed 80% L. hesperus at approximately 50 μg/mL showing also some (not quantified) toxic activity against Aphis glycines (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) [ 9 ], the novel Cry-related protein exhibited a similar performance, killing 83% of M. persicae aphids at 40 μg/mL. The steep regression line slope of Cry-related protein for M. persicae was noticeable, and was much higher than the regression line slopes of other Bt proteins, which are usually between 0 and 4 [ 23 , 24 , 25 ], indicating that small changes in protein concentrations have a dramatic effect on aphid mortality. The ricin B-like lectin domain might be involved in the toxicity of this protein against M. persicae .…”

Effect of Dimetridazole on Rate of Gain and Feed Efficiency in Swine

“…This premise is based on work by Watt and Jennison (1960) and Collins et al (1965), who have shown that dimetridazole has an inhibitory effect against certain strains of protozoa, bacteria and fungi. Work by Pence (1963) has shown that imidazole is an antimetabolite of histamine and nicotinic acid. The mode of action of dimetridazole may be the same as for imidazole; however, this possibility has not been investigated.…”

Target and non‐target effects of a spider venom toxin produced in transgenic cotton and tobacco plants

“…The fusion protein was purified from clarified bacterial lysate by affinity chromatography on His‐Bind ® Resin (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Because the elution buffer of the His‐Bind ® Purification Kit contains 1 m imidazole, which is highly toxic to insects (Pence ), the protein was desalted using a PD‐10 desalting column (GE Health care, Glattbrugg, Switzerland) and was eluted in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). Total protein content was determined according to the method of Bradford () using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the standard.…”