The Antifungal Effect of 70% Ethyl Alcohol

Loewenthal, Kurt

doi:10.1001/archderm.1961.01580110091014

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In addition, ethanol has broad activity against most fungiincluding yeasts and dermatophytes-at different exposure times and under different test conditions (56,134,258,285,286,331).…”

Section: Ethanol Isopropanol and N-propanolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs

2004

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The etiology of nosocomial infections, the frequency of contaminated hands with the different nosocomial pathogens, and the role of health care workers' hands during outbreaks suggest that a hand hygiene preparation should at least have activity against bacteria, yeasts, and coated viruses. The importance of efficacy in choosing the right hand hygiene product is reflected in the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on hand hygiene (J. M. Boyce and D. Pittet, Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51:1-45, 2002). The best antimicrobial efficacy can be achieved with ethanol (60 to 85%), isopropanol (60 to 80%), and n-propanol (60 to 80%). The activity is broad and immediate. Ethanol at high concentrations (e.g., 95%) is the most effective treatment against naked viruses, whereas n-propanol seems to be more effective against the resident bacterial flora. The combination of alcohols may have a synergistic effect. The antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine (2 to 4%) and triclosan (1 to 2%) is both lower and slower. Additionally, both agents have a risk of bacterial resistance, which is higher for chlorhexidine than triclosan. Their activity is often supported by the mechanical removal of pathogens during hand washing. Taking the antimicrobial efficacy and the mechanical removal together, they are still less effective than the alcohols. Plain soap and water has the lowest efficacy of all. In the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline, promotion of alcohol-based hand rubs containing various emollients instead of irritating soaps and detergents is one strategy to reduce skin damage, dryness, and irritation. Irritant contact dermatitis is highest with preparations containing 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, less frequent with nonantimicrobial soaps and preparations containing lower concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate, and lowest with well-formulated alcohol-based hand rubs containing emollients and other skin conditioners. Too few published data from comparative trials are available to reliably rank triclosan. Personnel should be reminded that it is neither necessary nor recommended to routinely wash hands after each application of an alcohol-based hand rub. Long-lasting improvement of compliance with hand hygiene protocols can be successful if an effective and accessible alcohol-based hand rub with a proven dermal tolerance and an excellent user acceptability is supplied, accompanied by education of health care workers and promotion of the use of the product

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“…In addition, ethanol has broad activity against most fungiincluding yeasts and dermatophytes-at different exposure times and under different test conditions (56,134,258,285,286,331).…”

Section: Ethanol Isopropanol and N-propanolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs

2004

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“…The reported antifungal effects of (≥ 70% v/v) ethanol (Loewenthal, 1961 ) have been verified by the results of preliminary studies (data not shown) that revealed ethanol interference with the fungal growth, and hence with the assessement of inhibition zone and ex vivo antifungal efficacy. Such interference was indicated by the complete growth inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum on agar blocks and nail fragments in contrast to 1% v/v tween 20 solution of the free drug that showed a moderate fungal growth as discussed later.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Hydroxypropyl chitosan nail lacquer of ciclopirox-PLGA nanocapsules for augmented in vitro nail plate absorption and onychomycosis treatment

2022

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Onychomycosis accounts for 90% of nail infections worldwide. Topical therapy provides localized effects with minimal adverse systemic actions, yet its effectiveness is limited by minimal drug permeation through the keratinized nail plate. Ciclopirox (CIX) is a FDA-approved broad-spectrum antimycotic agent. However, the complete cure with its nail lacquer (8% w/v) may continue for one year with a high cost. Therefore, poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanocapsules (NCs) of CIX were prepared by nanoprecipitation and optimized through a 2 3 factorial design to be incorporated into hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCH) based nail lacquer. Nail hydration, in vitro nail absorption, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), inhibition zones and ex vivo fungal growth on nail fragments were evaluated. The optimized NCs of CIX based on 100 mg PLGA 2 A and lipoid S75 showed a mean diameter of 174.77 ± 7.90 nm, entrapment efficiency (EE%) of 90.57 ± 0.98%, zeta potential (ZP) of −52.27 ± 0.40 mV and a prolonged drug release. Nail lacquer of the optimized NCs exhibited a higher stability than NCs dispersion. Compared to CIX solution (1% w/v), the respective decrease in MIC for NCs and their lacquer was four- and eight-fold. The lacquer superiority was confirmed by the enhancement in the nail hydration and absorption by 4 and 2.60 times, respectively, relative to CIX solution and the minimal ex vivo fungal growth. Therefore, HPCH nail lacquer of (1% w/v) CIX-PLGA-NCs can be represented as a potential topical delivery system for enhanced in vitro nail absorption and therapeutic efficacy against onychomycosis at a low dose.

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70% Ethyl Alcohol as Skin Cleanser for Fungus Cultures

Loewenthal¹

1964

Arch Dermatol

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The Antifungal Effect of 70% Ethyl Alcohol

Cited by 10 publications

References 3 publications

Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs

Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs

Hydroxypropyl chitosan nail lacquer of ciclopirox-PLGA nanocapsules for augmented in vitro nail plate absorption and onychomycosis treatment

70% Ethyl Alcohol as Skin Cleanser for Fungus Cultures

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