The Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Sargassum horneri by Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction in BV2 and HT22 Cells

Abstract

Sargassum horneri is used as a traditional medicinal agent and exhibits various pharmacological effects. In this study, we found that the 70% EtOH extract contained 34.37 ± 0.75 μg/mg fucosterol. We tested the antioxidant activities of the 70% EtOH extracts and their fractions. The CH2Cl2-soluble fraction showed the strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Next, we evaluated the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of S. horneri on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 cells. Pretreatment with the extract and fractions suppressed LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in BV2 cells. The 70% EtOH, CH2Cl2-soluble fraction, and water-soluble fraction inhibited the production of prostaglandin E2, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as markedly blocking LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 via inactivation of the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. In addition, the CH2Cl2-soluble fraction showed the most remarkable heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression effects and increased nuclear erythroid 2-related factor translocation in the nucleus. In HT22 cells, the CH2Cl2-soluble fraction inhibited cell damage and ROS production caused by glutamate via the regulation of HO-1. Therefore, CH2Cl2-soluble fractions of S. horneri can attenuate oxidative action and neuroinflammatory responses via HO-1 induction, demonstrating their potential in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.

Sargachromenol Purified from Sargassum horneri Inhibits Inflammatory Responses via Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages

“…Among the various physiological processes, the chronic inflammatory response is an important process that can lead to various chronic diseases. Factors associated with inflammatory responses include NO, PGE 2 , and inflammatory cytokines, which are regulated by a variety of inflammatory modulators [ 27 ]. NO, the representative inflammatory mediator, acts as a trigger causing ROS production that lead to cell damage and cell death [ 28 ].…”

“…This result supported the findings that S. horneri effectively reduced the NO and ROS production in previous studies [ 14 , 15 , 17 ]. iNOS and COX-2 are key inflammatory mediators that influence the production of NO and PGE 2 [ 27 ]. According to the data shown in Figure 2 , SC effectively reduced the expression of COX-2 protein, which induces PGE 2 production, and the expression of iNOS protein, which induces NO production.…”

“…The role of NFκB and MAPK pathways in mediating SC’s anti-inflammatory effects have been studied extensively [ 21 , 27 , 29 ]. Generally, NFκB nuclear transcription factors include the p50 and p65 proteins, which activate the inflammatory signaling pathway by the phosphorylation of the IκB complex [ 21 ].…”

Kuwanon T and Sanggenon a Isolated from Morus alba Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Regulating NF-κB and HO-1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways in BV2 and RAW264.7 Cells

“…We performed Western blotting to investigate whether com-pounds 3 and 4 increase the expression level of HO-1, wherein the well-known HO-1 inducer cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) was used as a positive control increasing HO-1 protein expression. [30]. The results revealed that compounds 3 and 4 also upregulated the expression of HO-1 (Figure 7).…”

Phytosterols in Seaweeds: An Overview on Biosynthesis to Biomedical Applications

“…Fucosterol from S. horneri showed strong free radical scavenging activities in DPPH and 2,2 azino-bis3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. In addition, fucosterol attenuated the oxidative actions in HT22 and BV2 cells by enhancing the HO-1 and Nrf2 levels in the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively [ 74 ]. Similarly, fucosterol from P. boryana , a brown seaweed, significantly upregulated the antioxidant proteins such as Nrf2, and HO-1 and downregulated the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1) in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line induced with PM [ 67 ], in addition to anti-inflammatory activity.…”