The anti-inflammatory effect of IndonesianAreca catechuleaf extractin vitroandin vivo

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESOverproduction of nitric oxide (NO) by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme can cause inflammation. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is also involved in the inflammatory response through regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Areca catechu is one of the known fruit plants of the Palmaceae family. It has been used for a long time as a source of herbal medicine in Indonesia. In this study, we explored the effect of Indonesian Areca catechu leaf ethanol extract (ACE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and carrageenan-induced paw edema models. Recently, this natural extract has been in the spotlight because of its efficacy and limited or no toxic side effects. However, the mechanism underlying its anti-inflammatory effect remains to be elucidated.MATERIALS/METHODSWe measured NO production by using the Griess reagent, and determined the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins, such as iNOS, COX2, and NF-κB, by western blot. To confirm the effect of ACE in vivo, we used the carrageenan-induced paw edema model.RESULTSCompared to untreated cells, LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells treated with ACE showed reduced NO generation and reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression. We found that the acute inflammatory response was significantly reduced by ACE in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model.CONCLUSIONTaken together, these results suggest that ACE can inhibit inflammation and modulate NO generation via downregulation of iNOS levels and NF-κB signaling in vitro and in vivo. ACE may have a potential medical benefit as an anti-inflammation agent.

Anti-inflammatory activity of a sulfated polysaccharide from the brown alga Sargassum cristaefolium

“…iNOS consists of two identical monomers with C-terminal reductase and N-terminal oxygenase domains and mediates stepwise oxidation of L-arginine to form NO and citrulline (Andrew & Mayer, 1999). Reducing NO level by inhibiting iNOS expression has been used to assess the effect of agents on the anti-inflammatory process (Hwang, Kim, Park, Lee, & Kim, 2014;Kim et al, 2014;Lee et al, 2014). Lee et al (2012) demonstrated that fucoidans from Ecklonia cava inhibit NO production in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells by downregulating iNOS expression.…”

Fructus sophorae attenuates secretion of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines through the modulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

“…The cells were pretreated with various concentrations of FSE for 1 h and stimulated with LPS for 24 h. Then 100 μl of the Griess reagent was mixed with an equal volume of cell supernatant and incubated at room temperature in the dark for 5 min. The optical density at 540 nm was measured and the concentration of nitrite was calculated according to the standard curve generated from known concentrations of sodium nitrite (Lee et al 2014).…”

Evaluation of Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and CNS Depressant Potential of Dendrophthoe falcata (Linn.) Leaves Extracts in Experimental Mice Model

“…Recently, it has also been reported that NO was produced by isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which is involved in the inflammatory response on paw edema. The anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofan have been found to inhibit prostaglandin production that is the main reason of anti-inflammatory action in carrageenaninduced paw edema [36,39]. All the extracts (AEDFL, EEDFL, CEDFL and PEDFL) significantly (p b < 0.01, p a < 0.001) reduced paw edema volume in dose dependant manner (Table 3).…”