The Amphibian Eye: Development and Regeneration

Reyer, Randall W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66468-7_6

Cited by 99 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 268 publications

(166 reference statements)

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“…In classical studies, the eye is transiently removed from the orbit (enucleated), which temporarily disrupts the blood supply to the eye and, accordingly, results in retinal degeneration. Within a few weeks, vision and the retina are restored [Stone 1950a[Stone , 1950bReyer, 1977]. Subsequent to these observations, retinal regeneration has been reported in frogs [Reh, 1987;, fish [Lombardo, 1968[Lombardo, , 1972Maier and Wolburg, 1979;Kurz-Isler and Wolburg, 1982], embryonic rodents [Zhao et al, 1995[Zhao et al, , 1997, and embryonic [Orts-Llorca and Genis-Galvez, 1960;Coulombre and Coulombre, 1965] and postnatal birds ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Transdifferentiation of Pigmented Epithelial Cells: A Source of Retinal Stem Cells?

Fischer

Reh²

2001

Dev Neurosci

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In urodeles, larval anurans, embryonic chicks and rodents, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) is capable of transdifferentiation and generating new neurons. Recent evidence suggests that pigmented cells in the ciliary body of the adult rodent eye are capable of producing new neurons in vitro. Here we provide data to suggest that the pigmented epithelium at the retinal margin of postnatal chickens is similar to that found in the embryonic retina. Pigmented cells at the retinal margin expressed mitf and pax6, transcription factors that are transiently expressed by the developing RPE. Furthermore, these pigment cells at the retinal margin express high levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and accumulate bromodeoxyuridine, indicating that they continue to proliferate long after embryonic stages of development. Exogenous fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) or insulin alone did not affect the proliferation of these cells, while FGF2 plus insulin induced their proliferation and loss of pigmentation. We propose that the pigmented cells at the retinal margin of the postnatal chicken are similar to those found in the embryonic eye, and these cells could be a source of neural regeneration under appropriate conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Transdifferentiation of Pigmented Epithelial Cells: A Source of Retinal Stem Cells?

Fischer

Reh²

2001

Dev Neurosci

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“…Newt lens regeneration is characterized by the process of transdifferentiation, whereby terminally differentiated pigment epithelial cells (PECs) of the dorsal iris dedifferentiate, proliferate, and then differentiate into lens cells (1)(2)(3). The process of transdifferentiation is rapid, with proliferation ensuing as early as 4 days after lentectomy (4,5) and regeneration being completed in Ϸ30 days. Even though the ventral iris PECs initially proliferate, they do not normally contribute to the regenerative process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of Pax-6 in lens regeneration

Madhavan

Haynes

Frisch

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Pax-6 is a master regulator of eye development and is expressed in the dorsal and ventral iris during newt lens regeneration. We show that expression of Pax-6 during newt lens regeneration coincides with cell proliferation. By knocking down expression of Pax-6 via treatment with morpholinos, we found that proliferation of iris pigment epithelial cells was dramatically reduced both in vitro and in vivo, and, as a result, lens regeneration was significantly retarded. However, induction of dedifferentiation in the dorsal iris was not inhibited. Pax-6 knockdown early in lens regeneration resulted in inhibition of crystallin expression and retardation of lens fiber induction. Once crystallin expression and differentiation of lens fibers has ensued, however, loss of function of Pax-6 did not affect crystallin expression and lens fiber maintenance, even though the effects on proliferation persisted. These results conclusively show that Pax-6 is associated with distinct early events during lens regeneration, namely control of cell proliferation and subsequent lens fiber differentiation.newt ͉ morpholino ͉ proliferation ͉ crystallin

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“…Lens regeneration from non ocular tissue (dorsal iris) has been well documented in urodele amphibians (Reyer, 1977(Reyer, , 1954Eguchi and Itoh, 1982;Eguchi, 1988). However, recently it has been observed that the capability of retinal iris PECs to transdifferentiate into lens is not restricted to urodeles amphibians only but is widely conserved in almost all vertebrates (Okada, 2000;Jangir et al, 2000Jangir et al, , 2001Jangir et al, , 2005Acharya et al, 2003;Shekhawat et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite many morphological and biochemical studies on the process of lens regeneration, the difference between dorsal and ventral cells remains to be elucidated (Reyer, 1977;Yamada, 1977). In the present study, we proved that pigmented epithelial cells of dorsal iris have intrinsic ability to transdifferentiate into lens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%