The Amphibian Eye: Development and Regeneration

Ophthalmic findings in a captive population of Panamanian golden frogs: Atelopus zeteki

“…13 It is reported that a resting frog will close its eyelids every 0.5-5 minutes. 9,14 This is in stark contrast to our study where toads showed no eyelid closure over a tenminute observational period. With minimal stimulation and constant environmental conditions, the average blink rate was zero over a ten minute period.…”

“…Atelopus zeteki has an avascular cornea and a shallow anterior chamber. The iris of A. zeteki consists of contractor and dilator papillae muscles and like other frogs, is likely pigmented by melanophores and iridiophores . Pupil shape in amphibians is circular when dilated and can have variable shapes when constricted .…”

Ophthalmic findings in a captive population of Panamanian golden frogs: Atelopus zeteki

“…13 It is reported that a resting frog will close its eyelids every 0.5-5 minutes. 9,14 This is in stark contrast to our study where toads showed no eyelid closure over a tenminute observational period. With minimal stimulation and constant environmental conditions, the average blink rate was zero over a ten minute period.…”

“…Atelopus zeteki has an avascular cornea and a shallow anterior chamber. The iris of A. zeteki consists of contractor and dilator papillae muscles and like other frogs, is likely pigmented by melanophores and iridiophores . Pupil shape in amphibians is circular when dilated and can have variable shapes when constricted .…”

Regeneration of goldfish retina: Rod precursors are a likely source of regenerated cells

“…The pigmented epithelium has been implicated in retinal regeneration in amphibians (Keefe, 1973a,b;Reyer, 1977;Stroeva and Mitashov, 1981), but neither Lombardo (1968Lombardo ( , 1972 nor Wolburg and colleagues (Maier and Wol-burg, 1979;Kurz-Isler and Wolburg, 1982) found evidence of enhanced mitotic activity or massive migration of pigmented epithelial cells into the degenerating teleost retina; nor did we see any.…”

“…Other potential sources of germinal cells that might be involved in retinal regeneration include the retinal pigmented epithelium, the circumferential germinal zone, and Muller cells or Muller-associated cells in the inner nuclear layer. The pigmented epithelium has been implicated in retinal regeneration in amphibians (Keefe, 1973a,b;Reyer, 1977;Stroeva and Mitashov, 1981), but neither Lombardo (1968Lombardo ( , 1972 nor Wolburg and colleagues (Maier and Wol-burg, 1979;Kurz-Isler and Wolburg, 1982) found evidence of enhanced mitotic activity or massive migration of pigmented epithelial cells into the degenerating teleost retina; nor did we see any.…”

Eye ontogeny inPleurodema bufoninum: A comparison withPleurodema somuncurense(Anura, Leptodactylidae)

“…Perusal of the literature indicates that anuran tadpoles have an inner and outer cornea that fuse during metamorphosis (Kruger et al, 2013;Reyer, 1977). Our observations indicate that at early stages, the Asterisks: since the timing differences found in both species could be probably due to the different environment of precedence as we mentioned above they were not taken into account in this summary cornea appear to be separated at early stages.…”

Ophthalmic findings in a captive population of Panamanian golden frogs: Atelopus zeteki

“…13 It is reported that a resting frog will close its eyelids every 0.5-5 minutes. 9,14 This is in stark contrast to our study where toads showed no eyelid closure over a tenminute observational period. With minimal stimulation and constant environmental conditions, the average blink rate was zero over a ten minute period.…”

“…Atelopus zeteki has an avascular cornea and a shallow anterior chamber. The iris of A. zeteki consists of contractor and dilator papillae muscles and like other frogs, is likely pigmented by melanophores and iridiophores . Pupil shape in amphibians is circular when dilated and can have variable shapes when constricted .…”

Regeneration of goldfish retina: Rod precursors are a likely source of regenerated cells

“…The pigmented epithelium has been implicated in retinal regeneration in amphibians (Keefe, 1973a,b;Reyer, 1977;Stroeva and Mitashov, 1981), but neither Lombardo (1968Lombardo ( , 1972 nor Wolburg and colleagues (Maier and Wol-burg, 1979;Kurz-Isler and Wolburg, 1982) found evidence of enhanced mitotic activity or massive migration of pigmented epithelial cells into the degenerating teleost retina; nor did we see any.…”

“…Other potential sources of germinal cells that might be involved in retinal regeneration include the retinal pigmented epithelium, the circumferential germinal zone, and Muller cells or Muller-associated cells in the inner nuclear layer. The pigmented epithelium has been implicated in retinal regeneration in amphibians (Keefe, 1973a,b;Reyer, 1977;Stroeva and Mitashov, 1981), but neither Lombardo (1968Lombardo ( , 1972 nor Wolburg and colleagues (Maier and Wol-burg, 1979;Kurz-Isler and Wolburg, 1982) found evidence of enhanced mitotic activity or massive migration of pigmented epithelial cells into the degenerating teleost retina; nor did we see any.…”

Eye ontogeny inPleurodema bufoninum: A comparison withPleurodema somuncurense(Anura, Leptodactylidae)

“…Perusal of the literature indicates that anuran tadpoles have an inner and outer cornea that fuse during metamorphosis (Kruger et al, 2013;Reyer, 1977). Our observations indicate that at early stages, the Asterisks: since the timing differences found in both species could be probably due to the different environment of precedence as we mentioned above they were not taken into account in this summary cornea appear to be separated at early stages.…”

Ophthalmic findings in a captive population of Panamanian golden frogs: Atelopus zeteki

“…13 It is reported that a resting frog will close its eyelids every 0.5-5 minutes. 9,14 This is in stark contrast to our study where toads showed no eyelid closure over a tenminute observational period. With minimal stimulation and constant environmental conditions, the average blink rate was zero over a ten minute period.…”

“…Atelopus zeteki has an avascular cornea and a shallow anterior chamber. The iris of A. zeteki consists of contractor and dilator papillae muscles and like other frogs, is likely pigmented by melanophores and iridiophores . Pupil shape in amphibians is circular when dilated and can have variable shapes when constricted .…”

Regeneration of goldfish retina: Rod precursors are a likely source of regenerated cells

“…The pigmented epithelium has been implicated in retinal regeneration in amphibians (Keefe, 1973a,b;Reyer, 1977;Stroeva and Mitashov, 1981), but neither Lombardo (1968Lombardo ( , 1972 nor Wolburg and colleagues (Maier and Wol-burg, 1979;Kurz-Isler and Wolburg, 1982) found evidence of enhanced mitotic activity or massive migration of pigmented epithelial cells into the degenerating teleost retina; nor did we see any.…”

“…Other potential sources of germinal cells that might be involved in retinal regeneration include the retinal pigmented epithelium, the circumferential germinal zone, and Muller cells or Muller-associated cells in the inner nuclear layer. The pigmented epithelium has been implicated in retinal regeneration in amphibians (Keefe, 1973a,b;Reyer, 1977;Stroeva and Mitashov, 1981), but neither Lombardo (1968Lombardo ( , 1972 nor Wolburg and colleagues (Maier and Wol-burg, 1979;Kurz-Isler and Wolburg, 1982) found evidence of enhanced mitotic activity or massive migration of pigmented epithelial cells into the degenerating teleost retina; nor did we see any.…”

Eye ontogeny inPleurodema bufoninum: A comparison withPleurodema somuncurense(Anura, Leptodactylidae)

“…Perusal of the literature indicates that anuran tadpoles have an inner and outer cornea that fuse during metamorphosis (Kruger et al, 2013;Reyer, 1977). Our observations indicate that at early stages, the Asterisks: since the timing differences found in both species could be probably due to the different environment of precedence as we mentioned above they were not taken into account in this summary cornea appear to be separated at early stages.…”