The amount and detection method of styrene in foods: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sadighara, Parisa; Akbari, Nader; Mostashari, Parisa; Yazdanfar, Najmeh; Shokri, Samira

doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100238

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…The results from our investigation for the refrigerated dairy products (with fat content from 0.1 to 30%) are lower as the overall mean of 90 µg/kg reported in different food [52], but they are in close agreement with recent published data on styrene concentration in yogurt desserts and cream packed in PS containers which were taken from the Greek market in 2020 [40], where levels ranging from <1 to 46 µg/kg depending on days before expiry were reported; however, the study did not specify the fat content of the chosen products and if they were plain (natural) or not. In a survey study from 1984 [41], 146 samples from Victoria and New South Wales, Australia, which included yogurt and cream, the highest level of styrene found was 100 µg/kg in yogurt (without specifying if plain or not and the date of analysis); however, about 85% of all yogurt samples were found to have values less than 50 µg/kg.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

“…The high variability of the reported concentration is mainly explained with the different characteristics of the analyzed products, such as food and packaging composition, time of analysis and storage condition; this information is partially missing in the majority of the published studies, which results in difficult evaluation and comparison of data. In a recent review paper [ 52 ], an overall mean of 91.53 µg styrene per kg food was calculated, however, this was based on only four studies, which were selected by quality assessment and meta-regression analysis. The authors further reported that most studies analyzed dairy products and that styrene levels in food were found to be higher, correlating with higher fat content and longer storage time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Migration of Styrene in Yogurt and Dairy Products Packaged in Polystyrene: Results from Market Samples

Guazzotti

Hendrich

Gruner

et al. 2022

Foods

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The European Food Safety Authority is re-evaluating styrene for assessing the safety of food contact materials (FCM) such as polystyrene (PS) and started a systematic review of the data on migration levels in food. A restriction for styrene is expected in the near future. The main food contact application of PS is dairy packaging, mainly at refrigerated storage. In this study, seventeen dairy products packed in PS taken from the Italian and German markets were investigated. Styrene concentrations in the refrigerated dairy products (yogurt, cream) ranged from 5 to 30 µg/kg at the best before date, while in single serving portions of coffee creamer, which were stored at room temperature until the best before date of approx. 190 days, 401 µg/kg were measured. Among several parameters, the ratio between the surface contact area of the package and the quantity of the food packed, the time/temperature conditions of production/filling and storage of the products were identified as the main factors influencing styrene migration into food under realistic conditions. Yogurts fermented in the pots for approximately 8 h at 40–50 °C showed higher styrene levels than those fermented in an incubator and filled at 20 °C. The fat content might influence the styrene level but the effect, if any, was too small in relation to the variability of other parameters. Levels of styrene migrating into 50% ethanol food simulant under standardized condition (10 days/40 °C) were found to be much higher than levels in refrigerated foods. This raises the question as to whether compliance testing for PS plastics should be adapted taking into consideration the correlation between migration testing by laboratory simulations and migration into real food.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration of Styrene in Yogurt and Dairy Products Packaged in Polystyrene: Results from Market Samples

Guazzotti

Hendrich

Gruner

et al. 2022

Foods

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“…For the use of styrene in plastic FCMs, no SML exists (EU, 2011). Therefore, it is not surprising that scientific evidence for the migration of styrene into food is widespread (Table S4; Sadighara et al, 2022).…”

Section: Monomersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementing the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability: The Case of Food Contact Chemicals of Concern

Zimmermann,

Scheringer,

Geueke

et al. 2022

SSRN Journal

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“…Many styrene consumer products were widely used in every life scene, and one of its main uses is a material of food utensils and containers, as is notified as an additive for styrene resins on a positive list of Japan's "Food Sanitation Act. " If the food container was made of styrene-based material, a small amount of styrene [2] and styrene oligomers [3,4] transferred into the food can be consumed. The estimated average amount of styrene was reported as 91.53 ± 26.18 µg/kg in food matrix [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the food container was made of styrene-based material, a small amount of styrene [2] and styrene oligomers [3,4] transferred into the food can be consumed. The estimated average amount of styrene was reported as 91.53 ± 26.18 µg/kg in food matrix [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo mutagenicity assessment of styrene in MutaMouse liver and lung

Murata

Natsume²,

Iso

et al. 2023

Genes and Environ

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Background Styrene (CAS 100-42-5) is widely used as polystyrene and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene resin such as plastic, rubber, and paint. One of the primary uses of styrene is food utensils and containers, but a small amount of styrene transferred into food can be ingested by eating. Styrene is metabolized into styrene 7,8-oxide (SO). SO is mutagenic in bacteria and mouse lymphoma assays. It is clastogenic in cultured mammalian cells. However, styrene and SO are not clastogenic/aneugenic in rodents, and no rodent in vivo gene mutation studies were identified. Methods To investigate the mutagenicity of orally administered styrene, we used the transgenic rodent gene mutation assay to perform an in vivo mutagenicity test (OECD TG488). The transgenic MutaMouse was given styrene orally at doses of 0 (corn oil; negative control), 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day for 28 days, and mutant frequencies (MFs) were determined using the lacZ assay in the liver and lung (five male mice/group). Results There were no significant differences in the MFs of the liver and lung up to 300 mg/kg/day (close to maximum tolerable dose (MTD)), when one animal with extremely high MFs that were attributed to an incidental clonal mutation was omitted. Positive and negative controls produced the expected results. Conclusions These findings show that styrene is not mutagenic in the liver and lung of MutaMouse under this experimental condition.

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The amount and detection method of styrene in foods: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Migration of Styrene in Yogurt and Dairy Products Packaged in Polystyrene: Results from Market Samples

Migration of Styrene in Yogurt and Dairy Products Packaged in Polystyrene: Results from Market Samples

Implementing the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability: The Case of Food Contact Chemicals of Concern

In vivo mutagenicity assessment of styrene in MutaMouse liver and lung

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