The Ammonium Nitrate‐Potassium Nitrate System

Cady, H. H.

doi:10.1002/prep.19810060205

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…For example, solid solutions of potassium nitrate (KN) and AN have been shown to lower the IV f III phase transition to temperatures below 273 K or even to eliminate this phase transition when the KN content is increased above 15%. 17 The totality of experimental data indicate that the phase diagram of AN is extremely complex and a complete understanding of it is difficult to be achieved. However, the new applications of AN as a solid oxidizer for rocket propulsion require a precise control of the physical-chemical properties of this material and a detailed understanding at the atomic level of the interplay between the geometric, electronic and chemical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these, different transition metal oxides such as NiO , or CuO have been shown to be quite effective in eliminating the IV → III phase transition, leading to a direct IV → II transition at 323 K. Other stabilization methods considered were based on the shift of the 305 K phase transition in a temperature range that is not affected by the external thermal conditions at which the material is used. For example, solid solutions of potassium nitrate (KN) and AN have been shown to lower the IV → III phase transition to temperatures below 273 K or even to eliminate this phase transition when the KN content is increased above 15% …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classical and Quantum Mechanical Studies of Crystalline Ammonium Nitrate

Sorescu

Thompson

2001

J. Phys. Chem. A

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Plane-wave ab initio calculations based on density function theory and the pseudopotential method have been used to investigate the structural and electronic properties of phases V, IV, III and II of ammonium nitrate (AN) crystal. The optimizations of the crystal structures have been done with full relaxation of the atomic positions and lattice parameters under the experimentally determined crystal symmetries. The periodic nature of the crystals has been considered in calculations by employing periodic boundary conditions in all three directions. For phases V, IV and II the predicted crystal structures were found in good agreement with those determined experimentally by neutron diffraction data, but for phase III the differences between the experimental and calculated values are more significant. Band structure calculations indicate that AN is an insulator with a band gap in the range 3.18-3.57 eV corresponding to its different phases. The isotropic compression of phase IV has been studied using ab initio total energy calculations in the pressure range 0-600 GPa. It has been found that over this pressure range the crystal volume is compressed by 71% of the equilibrium volume. The increase in pressure determines significant changes of the band structure, large broadening of the electronic bands together with a decrease of the band gap by about 40%.We have developed a set of intra-and intermolecular classical potentials to describe phase V of AN. These potentials are composed by pairwise Lennard-Jones, hydrogen-bonding terms and Coulombic interactions. Crystal-packing calculations performed with these potentials accurately reproduce the main crystallographic features of this phase. These potentials were further tested in isothermal-isobaric molecular dynamics simulations at atmospheric pressure. It is found that increasing the temperature does not change the translational and rotational order of the molecules inside the crystal. The thermal expansion coefficients calculated for the model indicate anisotropic behavior with large expansions along the a and b axes and a very small one along the c axis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classical and Quantum Mechanical Studies of Crystalline Ammonium Nitrate

Sorescu

Thompson

2001

J. Phys. Chem. A

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“…It was reported that by adding 5 wt.% of KN to AN, the transition temperature of AN near room temperature disappeared [16]. The composition of the solids crystallized from an AN-KN solution at approximately 363 K was reported to be almost the same as that of the solution [10]. Accordingly, AN-KN solutions were evaporated to dryness at 363 K and then ground to obtain phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate containing 5 wt.% of KN (PSAN).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The phase transformation around room temperature results in crack formation in the propellant grain. Phase stabilization of AN has been achieved using additives such as potassium nitrate(V) (KN) [8][9][10][11], CuO [8,12,13], KF [8,14], and various organic compounds [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixtures of Phase-stabilized Ammonium Nitrate and Tetrazoles as New Gas-generating Agent Compositions

Hasue¹,

Yoshitake²,

Matsukawa³

2016

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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New gas-generating agents for air bags have been investigated. Ammonium nitrate does not give off harmful gases nor leave solid residues but goes through contraction and expansion during a series of phase transitions that cause structural damage within the material. In this study, potassium-nitratephase-stabilized ammonium nitrate (PSAN) was prepared by a nonhazardous aqueous method. Ammonium nitrate-based propellants have low burning rates. Tetrazoles were selected as they have a large heat of formation and can be used as fuel components for ammonium nitrate-based gas-generating agents. A number of different experiments were conducted on the novel tetrazole/PSAN mixtures in order to evaluate their application as gas-generating agents.

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“…Hot-stage observations of AN : 15 KN show only the transitions AN~II ++ CII + ANII at 110 "C and AN11 ++ ANI at 126 "C. The AN-KN addition compound, CII, is described in Ref. 5.…”

Section: A N : 15 Kn-edd-nq Phase Diagrammentioning

confidence: 97%

The ammonium nitrate with 15 WT% potassium nitrate‐ethylenediamine dinitrate‐nitroguanidine system

Spencer¹,

Cady²

1981

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The phase diagram for the ternary system ammonium nitrate(AN) with 15 wt% potassium nitrate(AN:15KN)‐ethylenediamine dinitrate(EDD)‐nitroguanidine(NQ) has been determined from room temperature to the melting point. The ternary eutectic temperature, measured for a mixture containing 67.24, 25.30, and 7.46 mole% of AN:15KN, EDD, and NQ, respectively, was found to be 98.9 ·°C. The binary phase diagrams for the systems AN:15KN‐EDD, AN:15KN‐NQ, and EDD‐NQ were also determined.

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The Ammonium Nitrate‐Potassium Nitrate System

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Classical and Quantum Mechanical Studies of Crystalline Ammonium Nitrate

Classical and Quantum Mechanical Studies of Crystalline Ammonium Nitrate

Mixtures of Phase-stabilized Ammonium Nitrate and Tetrazoles as New Gas-generating Agent Compositions

The ammonium nitrate with 15 WT% potassium nitrate‐ethylenediamine dinitrate‐nitroguanidine system

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