Mixtures of Phase-stabilized Ammonium Nitrate and Tetrazoles as New Gas-generating Agent Compositions

Hasue, Kazuo; Yoshitake, Kazuya; Matsukawa, M.

doi:10.22211/cejem/64981

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This is because the radius of the potassium and ammonium ions are almost equivalent, meaning that they may mutually replace each other to form solid solutions of AN/potassium nitrates [6]. Consistent with this theory, other potassium salts have been investigated and also found to have the same ability to stabilize AN against phase transition at room temperature [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Phase Stability of Ammonium Nitrate with Organic Potassium Salts

Wang

2016

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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Abstract:A study has been undertaken on the effect of additives on the phase transition of ammonium nitrate(V) (AN). Results obtained using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that organic compounds and potassium salts of organic compounds have an effect on the phase transition behavior of AN. The samples were further analyzed using infrared (IR) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanism of phase stabilization of AN by compounds of this kind was examined. The present study showed that the influence of additives on the phase transition of AN occurs through the polar groups that are involved in intermolecular interactions of orbital and electrostatic types that form new hydrogen bonds. AN exists in only one phase in the temperature range from 30 °C to +100 °C, when a potassium salt of organic compounds was added. However, with organic compounds, the III→II phase transition was changed. IR and XRD of composites are characterized by new intermolecular interactions. Compacted samples of AN containing potassium salts of organic compounds exhibited better stability than AN containing organic compounds to multiple cyclic changes within a temperature range. This we named 'freezing and thawing analysis'. Additives have two functions on the AN phase transition. First, solid solutions of AN mixture were formed for K + replacement of NH4 + . Second, hydrogen bonds formed, which caused AN and salts of organic compounds to interact intimately

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Phase Stability of Ammonium Nitrate with Organic Potassium Salts

Wang

2016

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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“…Hence, AN is a kind of ideal insensitive energetic material. Notwithstanding, it is unexpected that no propellant formula uses AN as the main oxidizer and only few gas-generation agent formulas try to use AN as the main oxidizer. − This is because AN and AN-based propellants show poor energy and combustion performance. The heat formation of AN is low to −4600 kJ kg –1 , and the value of AP is −2536 kJ kg –1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Behavior and Decomposition Mechanism of Ammonium Perchlorate and Ammonium Nitrate in the Presence of Nanometer Triaminoguanidine Nitrate

Wang

Song

2019

ACS Omega

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Nanometer triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN) with mean size of 218.7 nm was fabricated, and its structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, IR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. As an energetic accelerator for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium nitrate (AN), 10% nano TAGN blended with AP and AN, and samples “[90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)]” and “[90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)]” were obtained, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were employed to investigate the decomposition kinetics and thermodynamics of the samples. The results indicated that [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)] presented a higher activation energy (152.34 kJ mol –1 ) than pure AP (117.21 kJ mol –1 ) and [90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)] possessed a lower activation energy (147.51 kJ mol –1 ) than pure AN (161.40 kJ mol –1 ). All activation free energies (Δ G ≠ ) were positive values. This means that activation of the molecules was not a spontaneous process. The decomposition peak temperature of AP decreased from 478.5 °C (for pure AP) to 287.2 °C (for [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)]). The decomposition peak of AN also advanced via doping with nano TAGN. Using DSC-IR analysis, the decomposition products of nano TAGN, pure AP, [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)], pure AN, and [90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)] were investigated, and their decomposition mechanisms were proposed. The key factors, i.e., the formation of hydrazine in the decomposition of nano TAGN, were speculated, which substantially promoted the consumption of HNO 3 , HClO 4 , and their decomposition products in kinetics. Additionally, the energy performances of AP- and AN-based propellants doping with TAGN were evaluated. It is disclosed that the introduction of TAGN would not result in improvement in the energy performance of propellants, but due to its energetic property and high hydrogen content, proper introduction of TAGN will not reduce the energy performance of propellants in a large degree compared with the introduction of inert catalysts.

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“…The burning performance of advanced energetic materials is one of the important parameters to dominate its potential [12, 13]. Although guanidine nitrate (GN) was widely used for gas generators due to its excellent gas production, an evident issue for GN is its slow burning behavior which is related to the slow of breakage of the relatively strong C‐NH 2 bonds [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their excellent gas production (V=934 L kg −1 and 730 L kg −1 , respectively) can ensure to yield more gas during combustion progress. Meanwhile, the gas generating component combing bistetrazole (BT) as fuel and phase‐stabilized ammonium nitrate (PSAN) as oxidant also be explored [13]. Unfortunately, those tetrazole derivatives are sensitive to external mechanical stimulus, which limits their application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Application of 1,2,4‐Triazole Energetic Salts: Gas Generating Agent, Propellant and Explosive Compositions

Xue

Xiong

Tang

et al. 2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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High‐nitrogen energetic salts as the functional materials could be applied to formulate second explosives, gas‐generating agents, and propellants due to their large gas and energy release after combustion. Herein, a series of the insensitive and highly gas productive 1,2,4‐triazole derivatives including 4,5,5′‐triamine‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole (1) and 4,5′‐dinitramino‐5‐amine‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole (4) as well as corresponding salts were synthesized and characterized. The crystal structures of 4,5,5′‐triamine‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole (1), nitrate salt (2), 4,5′‐dinitramino‐5‐amine‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole (4) and triaminoguanidine salt (9) were determined by X‐ray diffraction. For explosives candidates, energetic salts of ammonium (5), hydrazinium (6), hydroxylammonium (7), and triaminoguanidine (9) not only display the outstanding detonation performance (D, 8657–9120 m s−1, P, 27.78–33.39 GPa), but also show low mechanical sensitivities (IS≥20 J, FS≥216 N). Furthermore, the constant‐volume combustion experiment results reveal that 5, 6, 7, and 9 show excellent gas productivity (Pmax≥12.8 MPa) and pressure‐up rate (dP/dtmax≥164 GPa s−1). These compounds could be the efficient components of gas‐generating agents and propellants based on the calculated combustion parameters from EXPLO 5 software.

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Mixtures of Phase-stabilized Ammonium Nitrate and Tetrazoles as New Gas-generating Agent Compositions

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Phase Stability of Ammonium Nitrate with Organic Potassium Salts

Phase Stability of Ammonium Nitrate with Organic Potassium Salts

Thermal Behavior and Decomposition Mechanism of Ammonium Perchlorate and Ammonium Nitrate in the Presence of Nanometer Triaminoguanidine Nitrate

Exploring Application of 1,2,4‐Triazole Energetic Salts: Gas Generating Agent, Propellant and Explosive Compositions

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