Thermal Behavior and Decomposition Mechanism of Ammonium Perchlorate and Ammonium Nitrate in the Presence of Nanometer Triaminoguanidine Nitrate

Abstract

Nanometer triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN) with mean size of 218.7 nm was fabricated, and its structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, IR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. As an energetic accelerator for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium nitrate (AN), 10% nano TAGN blended with AP and AN, and samples “[90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)]” and “[90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)]” were obtained, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were employed to investigate the decomposition kinetics and thermodynamics of the samples. The results indicated that [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)] presented a higher activation energy (152.34 kJ mol –1 ) than pure AP (117.21 kJ mol –1 ) and [90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)] possessed a lower activation energy (147.51 kJ mol –1 ) than pure AN (161.40 kJ mol –1 ). All activation free energies (Δ G ≠ ) were positive values. This means that activation of the molecules was not a spontaneous process. The decomposition peak temperature of AP decreased from 478.5 °C (for pure AP) to 287.2 °C (for [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)]). The decomposition peak of AN also advanced via doping with nano TAGN. Using DSC-IR analysis, the decomposition products of nano TAGN, pure AP, [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)], pure AN, and [90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)] were investigated, and their decomposition mechanisms were proposed. The key factors, i.e., the formation of hydrazine in the decomposition of nano TAGN, were speculated, which substantially promoted the consumption of HNO 3 , HClO 4 , and their decomposition products in kinetics. Additionally, the energy performances of AP- and AN-based propellants doping with TAGN were evaluated. It is disclosed that the introduction of TAGN would not result in improvement in the energy performance of propellants, but due to its energetic property and high hydrogen content, proper introduction of TAGN will not reduce the energy performance of propellants in a large degree compared with the introduction of inert catalysts.

Nanometer Ammonium Perchlorate and Ammonium Nitrate Prepared with 2D Network Structure via Rapid Freezing Technology

“…In Ref. [26], the micron AN decomposed to N 2 O and H 2 O, which is also consistent with the results of this paper. Therefore, on the aspect of final decomposition products, it is believed that the decomposition of AP or AN happens at the molecular level, independent of the particle sizes of AP and AN.…”

“…However, the decomposition of HClO 4 is much easier than that of HNO 3 , as the decomposition process of HClO 4 is very exothermic and the decomposition process of HNO 3 is very endothermic [24,25]. Therefore, the rate limiting step of the decomposition of AP lies in the reaction between NH 3 and the pyrolysis products of HClO 4 , while the controlling step of AN’s decomposition is the pyrolysis of HNO 3 [26]. In fact, the inferior decomposition mechanism of AN accounts for its remarkably lower burning rate compared to AP.…”

Characterization, Thermolysis, and Energetic Properties of an MTNP/PETN Eutectic Prepared via the Solvent/Anti‐Solvent Method

“…Figure 8l shows the O1s spectrum of the eutectic of MTNP/PETN, and it can be seen that the peaks in the spectra of raw MTNP and raw PETN are all reflected in Figure 8l [36, 37]. The XPS analysis results show that during the preparation of the eutectic, there was no chemical reaction between the raw MTNP and raw PETN, and these materials could be uniformly mixed to stabilize the performance of the eutectic mixture [38–40].…”

An Electrospun Preparation of the NC/GAP/Nano-LLM-105 Nanofiber and Its Properties

“…Additionally, the C/H mass ratios of nano-LLM-105 and NC/GAP are 12 and 8.24, respectively. We infer that the higher OB CO2 and C/H are beneficial to enhancement under combustion temperature ( T c ) [33,35]. T c represents the chemical energy storage of an energetic formulation, which is proportional to the explosive heat of propellants.…”