The Alliance for Progress and President João Goulart’s Three-Year Plan: the deterioration of U.S.-Brazilian Relations in Cold War Brazil (1962)

Gagarin in Brazil: reassessing the terms of the Cold War domestic political debate in 1961

“…These high expectations were some of the factors that impelled President João Goulart to threaten the U.S. government with the strengthening of relations between Brazil and the USSR in November 1962. As analysed by Loureiro (2017b), this threat met a blunt response from Washington, which contributed significantly to the collapse of the Three-Year Plan and eventually led to the civil-military coup in 1964. Despite the emergence of an anti-communist regime, Brazil was still interested in maintaining amicable relations with the USSR, proving that the bipolar conflict in and of itself is inadequate to capture the complexities of the international context in 1964 1 .…”

International financial negotiations and political actors: the breakdown in IMF-Brazilian negotiations during the administration of Juscelino Kubitschek (1957-1959)

“…13 Storrs (1973). 15 For the change in Washington's policy towards Goulart's Brazil see Loureiro (2014Loureiro ( , 2017b. 16 For US-Latin American relations in the post-World War II see , , and Smith (2010).…”

“…Ambassador Ellis Briggs that due to Brazil's difficult economic situation, his "administration [was] under great and growing pressure to deal with [the] Soviet Bloc". His "government's ability to resist that pressure might be affected by[the] extent to which[the] U.S. [was] able to assist Brazil to meet [its] current economic crisis".105 Kubitschek's threats contradictLoureiro's (2017b) claims that JoãoGoulart (1961Goulart ( -1964 was the first President to make use of such intimidations in the postwar period with the purpose of forcing Washington to assist Rio de Janeiro financially.Secretary ofState John Dulles was astonished, interpreting Kubitschek's threats as not only confined to reestablishing trade relations but also possibly diplomatic ties. Even still, he did not retreat from his position.…”

“…For further information on US-Brazilian economic relations during the administration of Jânio Quadros and João Goulart seeLoureiro (2014Loureiro ( , 2017b.407 See, for instance,Loureiro (2014).…”