“…The aim of the present study was to determine the adverse neurological effects induced by PM 2.5 constituents, which showed that the contents of several metallic elements, including Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, Sn, V, Rb, Pb, Al, Be, Cs, Co, Th, and U, were significantly associated with NfL. The neurotoxicity of these metals has been examined in previous epidemiological and toxicological studies. − For example, an in vitro study showed that Ni exposure induces oxidative stress-associated neuronal damage . Co exposure exhibited a dose- and time-dependent toxicities in neurons and astrocytes, with neurons presenting particular sensitivity .…”