“…In a panel study, Tang et al examined the air pollutant (including PM) exposure in Chinese people aged 60–69 years, showing that air pollution exposure could induce alterations of neurodegenerative biomarkers, such as Aβ 40 , Aβ 42 , α-synuclein, PrPC, Tau (pThr181), and the activation of microglia represented by the over-expression of S100B and microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells2 (TREM2) [ 71 ]. Our recent findings from a panel study on healthy retired adults demonstrated that PM 2.5 concentration increments were associated with increases in the biomarkers of neural damage, including a neurofilament light chain (NfL), neuron-specific enolase, and the activation of microglia (S100B) in serum [ 72 ]. Meanwhile, several constituents of ambient PM 2.5 , such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, Sn, V, Rb, Pb, Al, Be, Cs, Co, Th, U, Cl − , and F − were found to be significantly associated with serum levels of NfL [ 72 ].…”