The Adaptive Immune Response in Fish

Mutoloki, Stephen; Jørgensen, Jorunn B.; Evensen, Øystein

doi:10.1002/9781118806913.ch9

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In addition, many aspects of adaptive immune function appear to have evolved independently in fish, with numerous teleost immune genes being at least duplicated ( 37 , 38 ). Teleost fish have only three Ig isotypes: IgM, IgT/Z, and IgD ( 39 ), there is no switch of Igs in the secondary response, and the production of specific antibodies is temperature dependent ( 40 , 41 ) (see section 3 for more details about the different functions of Igs). In the last decade our knowledge of the immune system of fish has notably increased ( 42 – 53 ), and in parallel, that of the immune responses against fish parasitic flagellates ( 54 , 55 ), microsporidians ( 56 ), ciliates ( 57 – 60 ), helminths ( 61 – 64 ), amoeba ( 65 , 66 ) and crustaceans ( 67 – 69 ).…”

Section: General Aspects Of the Innate Immune Response Against Myxozoamentioning

confidence: 99%

To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections

et al. 2021

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Myxozoans are microscopic, metazoan, obligate parasites, belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. In contrast to the free-living lifestyle of most members of this taxon, myxozoans have complex life cycles alternating between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Vertebrate hosts are primarily fish, although they are also reported from amphibians, reptiles, trematodes, mollusks, birds and mammals. Invertebrate hosts include annelids and bryozoans. Most myxozoans are not overtly pathogenic to fish hosts, but some are responsible for severe economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. In both scenarios, the interaction between the parasite and the host immune system is key to explain such different outcomes of this relationship. Innate immune responses contribute to the resistance of certain fish strains and species, and the absence or low levels of some innate and regulatory factors explain the high pathogenicity of some infections. In many cases, immune evasion explains the absence of a host response and allows the parasite to proliferate covertly during the first stages of the infection. In some infections, the lack of an appropriate regulatory response results in an excessive inflammatory response, causing immunopathological consequences that are worse than inflicted by the parasite itself. This review will update the available information about the immune responses against Myxozoa, with special focus on T and B lymphocyte and immunoglobulin responses, how these immune effectors are modulated by different biotic and abiotic factors, and on the mechanisms of immune evasion targeting specific immune effectors. The current and future design of control strategies for myxozoan diseases is based on understanding this myxozoan-fish interaction, and immune-based strategies such as improvement of innate and specific factors through diets and additives, host genetic selection, passive immunization and vaccination, are starting to be considered.

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Section: General Aspects Of the Innate Immune Response Against Myxozoamentioning

confidence: 99%

To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections

et al. 2021

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“…The differentiation and function of each T cell subset are controlled by specific master transcription factors [ 9 ], such as: T-box transcription factor (T-bet), which controls the progression to the Th1 phenotype, Trans-acting T cell-specific transcription factor GATA-3 (Gata3), which is essential for the differentiation of the Th2 subtype, RAR-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγt) that regulates the activation of subtypes Th17 and Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) which is crucial for the differentiation to regulatory lymphocytes (Treg) [ 8 ]. In fish, lymphocytes are also key cells for adaptive immunity [ 10 ], and T cell master transcriptional factors (T-bet, Gata3, and Foxp3) have already been described with functions similar to those of higher vertebrates [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of foxp3 during the Crosstalk between Antigen Presenting Like-Cells MHCII+CD83+ and Splenocytes CD4+IgM− in Rainbow Trout

Morales‐Lange

Nombela

Ortega-Villaizán

et al. 2021

Biology

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In fish, the spleen is one of the major immune organs in the animal, and the splenocytes could play a key role in the activation and modulation of the immune response, both innate and adaptive. However, the crosstalk between different types of immune cells in the spleen has been poorly understood. In this work, an in vitro strategy is carried out to obtain and characterize mononuclear splenocytes from rainbow trout, using biomarkers associated with lymphocytes (CD4 and IgM) and antigen-presenting cells (CD83 and MHC II). Using these splenocytes, co-cultures of 24 and 48 h are used to determine the gene expression of master transcriptional factors that coordinate the polarization of T cells (t-bet, gata3, and foxp3). The results show a proportional upregulation of foxp3 (compared to t-bet and gata3) in co-cultures (at 24 h) of IFNγ-induced splenocytes with and without stimulation of Piscirickettsia salmonis proteins. In addition, foxp3 upregulation was established in co-cultures with IFNγ-induced cells and in cells only stimulated previously with P. salmonis proteins at 48 h of co-culture. These results show a potential communication between antigen-presenting-like cells and lymphocyte in the spleen, which could be induced towards a Treg phenotype.

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“…The existence of Tc cells in fish, where they would be involved in specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity, has been suggested [ 55 ]. In fish, many molecules representing different Th cell subsets and their transcription factors have been demonstrated both at genetic and functional level [ 56 , 57 ]; however, further characterization of fish Th responses and the polarization of Th cells into Th subsets is needed [ 58 , 59 ]. As in mammals, the adaptive immune response of teleost T cells is thought to be mediated by the production of cytokines [ 41 , 60 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes

Chaves-Pozo

García‐Ayala

Cabas

2018

Biology

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In vertebrates, in addition to their classically reproductive functions, steroids regulate the immune system. This action is possible mainly due to the presence of steroid receptors in the different immune cell types. Much evidence suggests that the immune system of fish is vulnerable to xenosteroids, which are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. In vivo and in vitro assays have amply demonstrated that oestrogens interfere with both the innate and the adaptive immune system of fish by regulating the main leukocyte activities and transcriptional genes. They activate nuclear oestrogen receptors and/or G-protein coupled oestrogen receptor. Less understood is the role of androgens in the immune system, mainly due to the complexity of the transcriptional regulation of androgen receptors in fish. The aim of this manuscript is to review our present knowledge concerning the effect of sex steroid hormones and the presence of their receptors on fish leukocytes, taking into consideration that the studies performed vary as regard the fish species, doses, exposure protocols and hormones used. Moreover, we also include evidence of the probable role of progestins in the regulation of the immune system of fish.

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The Adaptive Immune Response in Fish

Cited by 17 publications

References 49 publications

To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections

To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections

Induction of foxp3 during the Crosstalk between Antigen Presenting Like-Cells MHCII+CD83+ and Splenocytes CD4+IgM− in Rainbow Trout

Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes

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