Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes

Chaves-Pozo, Elena; García‐Ayala, Alfonsa; Cabas, Isabel

doi:10.3390/biology7010009

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…For example, Seemann et al ( 2013 ) found that estradiol did not affect the expression of tgfβ in the head kidney or change the level of TGFβ protein in the blood of juvenile sea bass. In gilthead seabream, estradiol increased the activity of MMP2 and MMP9 in testicle leukocytes (Chaves-Pozo et al 2018 ). It also accelerated wound repair after scale removal in gilthead sea bream possibly via ERβs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

17β-Estradiol affects the innate immune response in common carp

Maciuszek

Pijanowski

Pękala‐Safińska

et al. 2020

Fish Physiol Biochem

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Inflammation is the evolutionary conserved immune response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens or damaged cells. This multistep process acts by removing injurious stimuli and initiating the healing process. Therefore, it must be tightly regulated by cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes, as well as neuroendocrine mediators. In the present work, we studied the immunoregulatory properties of 17β-estradiol (E2) in common carp. We determined the in vitro effects of E2 on the activity/polarization of macrophages and the in vivo effects during Aeromonas salmonicida-induced inflammation. In vitro, E2 reduced the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated expression of pro-and antiinflammatory mediator genes but did not change the gene expression of the estrogen receptors and of aromatase CYP19. In contrast, in vivo in the head kidney of A. salmonicida-infected fish, E2-treated feeding induced an upregulation of gene expression of proinflammatory (il-12p35 and cxcb2) and antiinflammatory (arginase 1, arginase 2, il-10, and mmp9) mediators. Moreover, in infected fish fed with E2-treated food, a higher gene expression of the estrogen receptors and of the aromatase CYP19 was found. Our results demonstrate that estrogens can modulate the carp innate immune response, though the in vitro and in vivo effects of this hormone are contrasting. This implies that estradiol not only induces a direct effect on macrophages but rather exerts immunomodulatory actions through indirect mechanisms involving other cellular targets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

17β-Estradiol affects the innate immune response in common carp

Maciuszek

Pijanowski

Pękala‐Safińska

et al. 2020

Fish Physiol Biochem

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“…Overall, these and other studies imply that to accurately define a stressotope, the range of abnormal values in distress physiological adjustments, the scope of stressome components to be included in the analysis of allostatic load and the intersex differential responses to severe stressors, should necessarily be taken into account. Considering that in teleosts, as in the rest of vertebrates, steroids regulate reproductive outcomes but also metabolism, stress responses, behavior and immune function, usually in a seasonal way (133, 134), the differential effect of estrogens- and testosterone-derived mediators must be included in the stressome catalog.…”

Section: Janian Phenomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Netting the Stress Responses in Fish

2019

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In the last decade, the concept of animal stress has been stressed thin to accommodate the effects of short-term changes in cell and tissue physiology, major behavioral syndromes in individuals and ecological disturbances in populations. Seyle's definition of stress as “the nonspecific (common) result of any demand upon the body” now encompasses homeostasis in a broader sense, including all the hierarchical levels in a networked biological system. The heterogeneity of stress responses thus varies within individuals, and stressors become multimodal in terms of typology, source and effects, as well as the responses that each individual elicits to cope with the disturbance. In fish, the time course of changes after stress strongly depends on several factors, including the stressful experiences in early life, the vertical transmission of stressful-prone phenotypes, the degree of individual phenotypic plasticity, the robustness and variety of the epigenetic network related to environmentally induced changes, and the intrinsic behavioral responses (individuality/personality) of each individual. The hierarchical heterogeneity of stress responses demands a code that may decrypt and simplify the analysis of both proximate and evolutionary causes of a particular stress phenotype. We propose an analytical framework, the stressotope , defined as an adaptive scenario dominated by common environmental selective pressures that elicit common multilevel acute stress-induced responses and produce a measurable allostatic load in the organism. The stressotope may constitute a blueprint of embedded interactions between stress-related variations in cell states, molecular mediators and systemic networks, a map of circuits that reflect the inherited and acquired stress responses in an ever-changing, microorganismal-loaded medium. Several features of the proposed model are discussed as a starting point to pin down the maximum common stress responses across immune-neuroendocrine relevant physiological levels and scenarios, including the characterization of behavioral responses, in fish.

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“…Gonads are immune-privileged sites as they need to prevent immune responses against meiotic germ cells (Maddocks and Setchell, 1990). Immune cells present sexual steroid receptors not only in mammals (Kovats et al, 2010) but also in fish (Chaves-Pozo et al, 2018). Thus, sexual steroids regulate the immune system in addition to classical reproduction-related functions in vertebrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune genes, IL1β and Casp9, show sexual dimorphic methylation patterns in zebrafish gonads

Caballero‐Huertas

Moraleda-Prados

Joly

et al. 2020

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Highlights  DNA methylation profiles of two immune genes IL1 and Casp9 present sexual dimorphism in adult gonad of zebrafish with higher methylation levels in the testes when compared to the ovaries.  Sex-biased differences in methylation profiles need to be taken into account when analyzing immune responses in fish.  IL1 gene expression differs between ovaries and testes, being higher in male gonadal tissue.  An inverse, although not significant, correlation was found between DNA methylation and gene expression levels,  IL1 and Casp9 might be two potential epimarkers to predict sexual dimorphic DNA methylation profiles in fish gonads.

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Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes

Cited by 39 publications

References 160 publications

17β-Estradiol affects the innate immune response in common carp

17β-Estradiol affects the innate immune response in common carp

Netting the Stress Responses in Fish

Immune genes, IL1β and Casp9, show sexual dimorphic methylation patterns in zebrafish gonads

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